2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号88

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Theterm"remotesensing"referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheearth'sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum:therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth'ssurface.Digitalmultispectralimaginghasnowbecomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.

Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknown,anddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessingwithdigitalprocessing,itispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmultispectraldigitaldatasetfrom,themultispectralscanner(MSS)aboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolvebyconventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas.

Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicrevolution.Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencetheoccurrenceoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound.

Geologicmapsincorporatealarge,variedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurements,butthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposure,accessibilityandlaborresources.Withremote-sensingtechniques,itispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.Sincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareas,thecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathadintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognized,butinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.However,somecriticalinformationcannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensing,andseveralcharacteristicsoftheLandsatMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsespeciallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffective,remotesensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveys,laboratorytests,andthetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury.

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbemeasuredbytheoptomechanicalscannerbutnotbyvisiblelightphotograph?

2.Landsimagesdifferfromconventionalgeologicmapsinthattheformer（

）.

3.Thepassageprovidesinformationaboutallofthefollowingtopicsexcept（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormentionabout“theconventionalmethods”？

5.Accordingtotheauthor（

）.

问题1选项

A.Theamountofvisiblelightreflectedfromoceans

B.DailytemperaturechangesofareasontheEarth’ssurface.

C.Thedegreeofradioactivityemittedbyexposedrocksontheearth'ssurface.

D.Atmosphericconditionsoverlargelandmasses.

问题2选项

A.revealtheexactsizeofpetroleumdepositsandoredeposits

B.indicatethecontinuityoffeaturesthatmightnototherwisebeinterpretedascontinuous

C.predictthemovementsofglaciers

D.providehighlyaccuratedataabouttheoccurrenceofmineraldeposits

问题3选项

A.theprinciplemethodofgeologicremotesensingpriortothemid-1960s

B.somephenomenameasuredbydigitalmultispectralimagesinremotesensing

C.someofthepracticalusesofregionalgeologicmaps.

D.problemsthataredifficulttosolvesolelythroughconventionalmethodsofgeologicmapping

问题4选项

A.Theyconsistprimarilyoffieldsurveysandlaboratorymeasurements.

B.Theyarenotusefulinprovidinginformationnecessaryforreconstructinggeologicevolution.

C.Theyhaverarelybeenusedbygeologistssince1972.

D.Theyareusedprimarilytogathercompositionalinformationaboutgeologicfeatures.

问题5选项

A.geologicmappingisbasicallyanartandnotascience

B.geologicmappinghasnotchangedsignificantlysincetheearly1960s

C.geologicmappingwillhavelimitedpracticalapplicationsuntilremote-sensingsystemsareperfected

D.adevelopmentalmilestoneingeologicmappingwasreachedin1972

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段：Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum,therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家开始利用那些超出可见光摄影术感知范围的数据构造数字化多谱线图像。这些图像的建造是通过用机械手段对一些现象的图像进行整理，如可见光谱外光波的反射，无线电波的折射以及地球表面一些地区日常温度的变化。确定B选项’地球表面许多地区温度的日间变化‘正确。

2.根据第四段Sincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallarea,thecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognized,butinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.由于详尽的地质绘图一般在小的范围内进行，所以那些具有断断续续和多变量的区域特征的连续性就经常不能被认可，但是Landsat卫星的全方位的观察角度，能将这一连续性呈现出来。确定B选项’指明特征的连续性并不能解释为连续性‘正确。

3.根据第一段：Priortothemid-1960'stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.在20世会己中叶之前，对胶片的解释是对地球地质特征进行遥感的主要方法。所以A选项‘地质遥感的主要方法在20世纪60年代之前就出现‘符合原文。再根据第一段Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家#始构造数字化多谱线图像，利用那些超出可见光影敏感范围的数据。确定B选项’出现了在遥感中利用数字化多谱线图像进行测量的现象’符合原文。根据第三段：Regionalmapspresentcompositional,structural,andchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.：区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。确定C选项‘一些地区地质图有实用性’符合原文。所以排除法D选项‘通过传统的地质绘图方法很难解决问题’文中未提及，符合题意。

4.根据第三段：Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.遥感更基本的应用是增强传统的大范围的地质绘图的方法。Regionalmapspresentcompositional,structural,andchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。再根据第四段：Geologicmapsincorporatealarge,variedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurements…地质图采集了数量繁多、形形色色的一整套具体的实地测量和实验室测量数据。推断出A选项‘它们主要包括实地考察、实验室测量’正确。B选项‘在重构地质进化过程中，他们没有能提供必要的信息’与原文不符。C选项‘自1972年之后，他们很少被地质学家用到。‘1972年是这一技术发展的里程碑之年，与原文不符。D选项’它们主要被用来收集有关地质特征的构成信息‘与原文不符。

5.根据第二段Theacquisitionofthefirstmultispectraldigitaldatasetfromthemultispectralscanner（MSS）aboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.1972年，安装在Landsat卫星上的多谱线扫描仪传送出来的首批多谱线的数字数据，吸引了整个地学界的注意。确定D选项’1972年成为地质制图发展的里程碑‘正确。

2.翻译题

当你站在一件艺术品面前时，技术便会帮你找到有关这一艺术品某一方面的更多信息。比如在鉴定艺术品的年代和出处方面，技术将具有极大价值。我们可以运用越来越客观的标准来鉴定纸张、颜料、化学品等的年代，这样将会有令人震惊的事情发生，例如突然发现一件伟大作品竟然是赝品。当然，艺术品市场自身将继续随着供求关系而浮动，但是在英国，我希望博物馆和美术馆有朝一日能得到政府政策上的帮助，政府放松纳税规定，更多地鼓励私人收藏家把藏品捐献给公共机构。

【答案】Whenyouareappreciatingaworkofart,technologywillprovideyouwithmoredetailedinformationaboutthiswork.Technologywillbeofgreatvalueinsomefieldssuchasdeterminingthedateandoriginoftheartwork.Inappraisingtheageofthepaper,pigmentandchemicaloftheartwork,moreandmoreobjectivestandardsareavailable.Inthisprocess,somesurprisingthingswilloccur.Forinstance,amasterpieceissuddenlyfoundtobeafake.Ofcourse,themarketofartworkwillchangewiththelawofsupplyanddemand.However,inBritain,Ihopethatmuseumsandgallerieswillonedaybehelpedbygovernmentpoliciesthatrelaxtaxrulesandencourageprivatecollectorstodonatemoretopublicinstitutions.

3.单选题

Thehealth-careeconomyisrepletewithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror"provider"andpurchaseror"consumer"inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Wherecircumstancespermitthebuyernochoicebecausethereiseffectivelyonlyonesellerandtheproductisrelativelyessential,governmentusuallyassertsmonopolyandplacestheindustryunderpriceandotherregulations.Neitheroftheseconditionsprevailsinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician一andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday,”whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhentheailmentisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor’sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyesofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer”.Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter'*inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants—thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebonafidebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital;andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Inroutineorminorillnesses,orjustplainworries,thepatient’soptionsare,ofcourse,muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice.Inillnessesthatareofsomesignificance,however,suchchoicestendtoevaporate,anditisfortheseillnessesthatthebulkofthehealth-caredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economymeasuresdirectedatpatientsorthegeneralpublicisrelativelyineffective.

1.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto"returnnextWednesday",thedoctorisineffect（

）.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto（）.

5.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas（

）.

问题1选项

A.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

B.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

C.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealthcare

D.speculateabouttherelationshipbetweenapatient'sabilitytopayandthetreatmentreceived

问题2选项

A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B.mostofapatient'sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient’shealth

D.hospitaladministratorslacktheexpertisetoquestionmedicaldecisions

问题3选项

A.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

B.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

C.takingadvantageofthepatient'sconcernforhishealth

D.warningthepatientthat.ahospitalstaymightbenecessary

问题4选项

A.aproposaltocontrolmedicalcosts

B.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

C.ananalysisofthecausesofinflationintheUnitedStates

D.astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice

问题5选项

A.cautious

B.defiant

C.inquisitive

D.analytical

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.A项意为“为了敦促医院收回他们的决策权力”；B项意为“批判医生太多控制病人”；C项意为“为了分析在健康医疗中的一些重要的经济因素”；D项意为“猜测病人支付的能力和接受的治疗之间的关系”。文章从第一段开始引入经济关系中的“提供者”与“消费者”之间的关系，然后引出医疗健康中的医患关系，到后面讲述医生在医院的经济中拥有绝对的‘权利’；所以文章是分析了economicrelationship即医患关系中的经济因素，选项C符合题意。

2.由第二段中itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesdav，’’whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.通常是由医生来决定病人什么时候来复诊、是否需要照X光以及需要哪种药，而病人是无法也不会去质疑医生的决定的；再由第三段最后Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.因此，在医院的政策和决策中，医务人员代表的是“权力中心”，而不是行政部门。确定A选项正确。

3.A选项意为：建议病人寻找第二意见；B选项意为：指导病人买更多的医疗服务；C选项意为：利用病人对自己健康的关心；D选项意为：警告病人住院时很有必要的。文章从一开始在分析医患关系，提到医生和病人之间的关系就是经济中的生产者与消费者之间的关系的一个缩影，医生在医患关系中占主导地位，而医生对于医院的经济起到重要的作用，因此作者更倾向医生这么做是为了让病人花费更多的钱来达到自己的经济利益，故应选B项更符合作者的看法；此处C项是一个干扰项，不可否认医生也是为了病人的健康考虑所以会安排复诊，但是作者在本文中更多的是揭露医患之间的经济关系，故应选B。

4.题目的意思是：根据作者的说法，当医生告诉病人“下周三再来”时，医生实际是说……A项意为“控制医疗成本的一项提议”；B项意为“对一种新的医学治疗的一次讨论”C项意为“对美国通货膨胀原因的分析”；D项意为“针对医生的玩忽职守诉讼的研究”。文章主要是以医患关系中医生作为主导这一论点开展的，在文章的最后也提到Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economymeasuresdirectedatpatientsorthegeneralpublicisrelativelyineffective.70-80%的医疗开支都是由医务人员决定的，而不是病人。正因为这个原因，针对病人或者大众的经济措施是相对无效的。所以A选项“控制医疗成本的一项提议”正确。

5.A选项“谨慎的”；B选项“蔑视的"；C选项“好奇的”；D选项“分析的”。作者一开始阐述了经济关系中的两大主体生产者和消费者，然后进一步提到了医患关系是这一经济关系的缩影，从而揭露出医生在医疗经济中占有绝对的主导地位，最后再给予建议，因此这篇文章主要是针对社会现象的本质的分析性文章，D选项正确。

4.翻译题

Virtualhighschools,whichallowstudentstotakeclassesviaPC,haveemergedasanincreasinglypopulareducationalternative,particularlyforon-the-goathletes.UniversityofMiamiOnlineHighSchool(UMOHS)hasmorethan400studentsenrolled,56%ofwhomareathletes.Accreditedbythe100-year-oldSouthernAssociationofCollegesandSchools,UMOHSoffershonorsandadvanced-placementclasses.Allcoursematerialisonlinealongwithassignmentsandduedates.Forhelp,saysprincipalHowardLiebman,“Astudentmaye-mail,instantmessageorcalltheteacher.”

Dallas'momLoriBannonturnedtoanotheronlineschool.LaurelSpringsinOjai,Calif,Bannon,WhohasamedicaldegreefromHarvard,didn’twanttocompromisetheeducationofherdaughterLindsay,13,anelitegymnastwhospendseighthoursadayinthegym.“Regularschoolwasnotanoption,”saysBannon,“butIwantedtomakesureshecouldgobackatgradelevelifshequitgymnastics.”LaurelSprings'enrollmenthasincreased35%ayearforthepastfouryearsto1,800students.Atleast25%areeitherathletesorchildentertainers.

Educatorsaresplitonthemeritsofsuchschools.PaulOrehovec,anenrollmentofficerfortheUniversityofMiami,admits,“Iwassomewhatofaskeptic,butwhenIlookedintotheirprogramsandaccreditation,Iwasexcited.UMOHSisthefirstonlineschooltobegrantedmembershipintheNationalHonorSociety.”KevinRoy,Elite’sdirectorofeducation,seespitfallsandpotentialinvirtualschools.“Youwillneverhavethatwonderfulteacherwhoinspiresyouforlife,”saysRoy.“Butthevirtualschooloffersendlesspossibilities.Idon’tknowwhereeducation’simaginationwilltakethis.”

【答案】虚拟高中允许学生通过电脑上学，现在已经成为了一个日渐流行的教育方式，那些忙碌的运动员们尤其钟爱这种选择。迈阿密网络学校已招收400多名学生，其中56%是运动员。该校已获得拥有100年历史的南部大学和中学联合会的批准，提供荣誉和预修课程，授课过程与作业练习都在线上进行，并标注截止时间。校长霍华德·利伯曼说，如果需要帮助，学生可以通过电子邮件，即时短信或电话联系老师。

达拉斯的母亲洛丽·班农选择了另一所网络学校——加州奥凯市的劳雷尔·斯普林斯。班农拥有哈佛大学的医学学位，她不想让自己13岁的女儿林赛的教育受到影响。林赛是一名优秀的体操运动员，她每天在体育馆要待上8个小时。班农说:“我并非想让她接受常规学校教育，我只是想确保她在结束体操生涯后能跟上正常的学习。”在过去四年，劳雷尔·斯普林斯的入学率年增长为35%，学生人数达到了1800。其中至少25%的学生是运动员或演员。

教育工作者对这些学校的优缺点看法不一。迈阿密网络学校的招生官保罗·奥赫维克承认，“对此我曾经有点怀疑。但当我查看他们的项目和资格认证时，我很兴奋。迈阿密网络学校是第一所被授予国家荣誉协会会员资格的网络学校。”精英教育总监教育主管凯文•罗伊看到了虚拟学校的缺陷和潜力。罗伊说:“你永远也不会有一个能激励你一生的好老师。但虚拟学校提供了无限的可能性。我不知道教育的想象力会把这种可能性发挥到哪种地步。”

5.翻译题

无比强大的科技很快就将完全改变我们的生活。这可能会产生危险的后果，尤其是因为我们可能不懂背后的基础科学。我们的科技能力和对科学的基本理解之间的差距愈发加大。我们借助于未来科技可以从事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科学，这是很危险的。

未来的一百年中特别危险的技术是纳米技术、人工智能和生物技术。它们带来的好处不容置疑，但它们潜在的危险很大。在人工智能领域，到2010年比人脑聪明500亿倍的东西原型设计已经出现。电影《终结者》（Terminator）中唯一不可能实现的事是人类获胜。假如你在和比自己聪明得多的技术对抗，你可能不会取胜。我们都听说过灰色粘质（greygoo）问题，能自我复制的纳米技术装置不停地复制，直到世界沦为黏糊糊的质体（stickygoo）。无疑在生物技术方面，我们真的有个大问题，因为它在与纳米技术合流。一旦把纳米技术和有机体相结合，就有了纳米技术制造的细菌，我们能够比《星际迷航》中的博格飞船（theBorginStarTrek）旅行得更远，但那些超人生物体可能对我们并不太友好。

我们所处的世界科学与商业日益结盟。在全球自由贸易体制的环境中，技术正在发展，这种体制认为技术的传播与商业结合实质上是件好事。我们应该做好准备，迎接围绕新兴技术而展开的前所未有的争论。

【答案】【参考译文】

Verysoon,unimaginablypowerfultechnologieswillremakeourlives.Thiscouldhavedangerousconsequences,especiallybecausewemaynotevenunderstandthebasicscienceunderlyingthem.There’sagrowinggapbetweenourtechnologicalcapabilityandourunderlyingscientificunderstanding.Wecandoverycleverthingswiththetechnologyofthefuturewithoutnecessarilyunderstandingsomeofbasicscience,andthatisverydangerous.

Thetechnologiesthatareparticularlydangerousoverthenexthundredyearsarenanotechnology,artificialintelligenceandbiotechnology.Thebenefitstheywillbringarebeyonddoubtbuttheyarepotentiallyverydangerous.Inthefieldofartificialintelligencethereareprototypedesignsforsomethingthatmightbe50000milliontimessmarterthanthehumanbrainbytheyear2010.TheonlythingnotfeasibleinthefilmTerminatoristhatthepeoplewin.Ifyou’refightingagainsttechnologythatismuchsmarterthanyou,youprobablywillnotwin.We’veallheardoftheissueaboutgreygoothatself-replicatingnanotechdevicesmightkeeponreplicatinguntiltheworldhasbeenreducedtostickygoo.Certainlyinbiotechnology,we’vereallygotabigproblembecauseit’sconvergingwithnanotechnology.Onceyoustartmixingnanotechwithorganismsandyoustartfeedingnanotech-enabledbacteria,wecangomuchfurtherthantheBorginStarTrek,andthosesuperhumanorganismsmightnotlikeusverymuch.

Weareinaworldnowwherescienceandcommerceareincreasinglybedfellows.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyishappeninginthecontextofglobalfreetraderegimeswhichseetechnologicaldiffusionembeddedwithcommerceasintrinsicallyagood.Weshouldpreparefornewandunfamiliarformsofargumentaroundemergingtechnologies.

6.单选题

HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,”writesBjornLomborg,37,anassociateprofessorofstatisticsatDenmark'sUniversityofAarhusandaformermemberofGreenpeace,inhis1998bookTheSkepticalEnvironmentalist.“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”

Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming."Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood,”hesaysoftheexpenseofcomplyingwiththeKyotoProtocolonglobalwarming.“ForthecostofKyotoforoneyear,wecouldgivecleandrinkingwaterandsanitationtoeveryhumanbeingonearth."

SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.PeterRaven,chairmanoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,callsLomborg“theprimeexampleinourtimeofsomeonewhodistortsstatisticsandstatementstomeethisownpoliticalend.”Adozenesteemedenvironmentalscientists,includingRavenandHarvard’sEdwardO.Wilson,aredemandingthatLomborg’spublishercuthimloose.“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,”theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.

Theproblemis,Lomborggetsmanyofhisfactsrightandprovides2,930footnotestomakethemeasytocheck.Somescientistsandenvironmentaladvocateshavemadeexaggeratedclaimsaboutenvironmentaldoom,andit’snotsurprisingthattheyhavefinallybeencatalogued.YetLomborgisasguiltyofexaggerationandselectiveuseofdataasthosehecriticizes.Heisrightthatairandwaterqualityandagriculturalproductivityhaveimprovedinmuchoftheworld.Buttolookatthedataonglobalwarming,biologicaldiversity,marinedepletionanddeforestationandstillsaythingsaregenerallygettingbettertakesawillfulblindness.That’swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.“I'mmakingafairamountofmoneyfromthebook,’’saysLomborg,‘‘AlotmorethanCambridgethought,

1.WhyisBjornLamborgcriticizedbyenvironmentalists?

2.WecanlearnfromthetextthatTheSkepticalEnvironmentalistisabookthat（

）.

3.ConservativesworldwidesharewithLomborgthesameviewthatdeforestationandglobalwarmingare（

）.

4.Thescientists,accordingtothetext,demandthatCambridgeUniversityPress（）.

5.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthecriticismagainstLomborg'sbook?

问题1选项

A.Becausehehasalwaysbeenagainstprotectingtheenvironment.

B.Becausehebelievesthatenvironmentalproblemsarebecomingworse.

C.Becauseheputforwardanewhypothesisofprotectingtheworldenvironment.

D.Becauseheclaimstobeanenvironmentalistbutdoubtsthatenvironmentalproblemsareasseriousastheyusedtobe.

问题2选项

A.hasattractedattentionfromboththepublicandthescholars

B.hasbeenneglectedbythereaderssinceitspublication

C.hasbeengreatlypraisedbythereaderssinceitspublication

D.hasbeengreatlycriticizedbythereaderssinceitspublication

问题3选项

A.gettingworseandworsebecausenothinghasbeendoneaboutthem

B.gettingbetterandbetterbecausemuchmoneyhasbeenspentonthem

C.notseriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatgreatcostatpresent

D.seriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatanycost

问题4选项

A.sellallthebookstoapopular,non-scholarlypress,forthebookisfulloferrors

B.stoppublishingthebookandsellthepublishingrightstoanon-scholarlypress,forthebookisnotanacademicbook

C.stoppublishinganybookswrittenbyLomborg,forheisnotacceptedbyhispeerstransferthepublishingrightsofthebooktoanotherpress,forthebookisnotwellreferenced

问题5选项

A.Itisnotfair,forthebookiswell-referenced.

B.Itisfairandhasbeenconductedinagoodway.

C.ItpreventsLomborgfromgettingmoremoneyfromthebook.

D.Itshouldnotbename-callingbutshouldbecarriedoutinawaythatcouldstartameaningfuldiscussiononhowtosolveenvironmentalproblems.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据文章第一段第一句HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?可知他遭到了环保主义者的反对；再根据下一句Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”我们没有耗尽能源或自然资源，”“我们周围的空气和水污染越来越少。实际上，人类的命运在每一个可衡量的指标上都有所改善。”确定他表达自己是一个环保主义者，但是他的一些论点和看法与此相悖，所以遭到了很多环保主义者的反对，所以D选项‘因为他声称自己是一个环保主义者但是质疑环境问题和以前一样’正确。

2.根据第二段第一句Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinaction..可知这本书是一本畅销书，全世界很多保守党都关注了这本书；再由SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.可知很多的科学家也都关注了这本书，综合分析确定A选项‘这本书受到了很多公众以及专家学者的关注’符合题意。

3.根据第二段中的内容andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming.“Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood，一些保守党根据这一观点认为对于采伐森林和全球变暖这些问题并不严重，认为他们对于这些问题采取的不作为态度是正当的，确定C选项“这个问题并不是一个需要花大成本去解决的严重问题”符合题意。

4.根据文章第三段最后一句内容“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,’’theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.科学家呼吁剑桥大学出版社不应该出版这样的错误满篇、参考不足、没有先行评审的书籍，应该把这本书出版权给一个普遍的、非学术性的出版社，确定B选项‘停止出版这本书，把出版权卖给非学术出版社，因为这本书不是学术著作’符合正确。

5.根据最后一段内容That'swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.这就是为什么如此多对隆伯格的攻击都是靠骂人来实现的。所有这些都是为了避免一场关于环境政策实质内容的有价值的辩论，当然，也是为了帮助隆伯格卖书。确定作者认为对于Lomborg的攻击只会使得他的书卖的更好，对于解决环境问题以及这样有价值的研究讨论是没有作用的，所以D选项‘这不应该是谩骂，而是应该以一种能够就如何解决环境问题展开有意义的讨论的方式来进行‘符合题意。

7.单选题

Theterm“remotesensing”referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretation

ofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960’stheinterpretationoffilmimageswastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptomechanicalscanner,scientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmultispectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum,therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.Digitalmultispectralimaginghasnowbecomethebasic