考研考博-英语-山东外国语职业技术大学考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东外国语职业技术大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Peopleinnately（

）forsuperiorityovertheirpeersalthoughitsometimestakestheformofanexaggeratedlustforpower.

问题1选项

A.strive

B.ascertain

C.justify

D.adhere

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配。strivefor意为“争取,奋斗”；选项B为及物动词；选项C和D通常与介词to搭配。所以选项A正确。

2.单选题

Atonetime,marriageswerealways_____bythechurch,butthisisnotthecasenow.

问题1选项

A.sanctified

B.underpinned

C.scanned

D.appreciated

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“sanctified”，意为“认可的，批准的，神圣化的”；B选项“underpinned”，意为“加固的，被加固的”；C选项“scanned”，意为“扫描的”;；D选项“appreciated”，意为“受欢迎的，赞赏的”，句意：过去，婚姻总是受到教会的约束，但现在不是这样了。因此，A选项符合句意。

3.单选题

Itisnowbelievedthatthedramaticchangesinfamilystructure,thoughregrettable,areimpossibletoreverse.

问题1选项

A.sensational

B.emotional

C.horrible

D.striking

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sensational“轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的”；B选项emotional“情绪的；易激动的；感动人的”；C选项horrible“可怕的；极讨厌的”；D选项striking“显著的，突出的，惊人的；打击的；罢工的”。句意：人们现在认为，家庭结构的显著变化虽然令人遗憾，但是不可能逆转的。本句关键词dramatic表示“巨大的；急剧的；引人注目的；令人激动的；戏剧的”，在句中可和striking（显著的）做同义替换；因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging,butEarthisadynamicbody,anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering—slowlyonthehumantimescale,butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofBarth(about4,500billionyears).Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain:constructiveprocessessuchasuplift,whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures,anddestructiveforcessuchaserosion,whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms.

Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence,successfullyresistingthedestructiveforcesofnature,butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort-livedingeologicalterms.Asageneralrule,thehigheramountainis,themorerecentlyitwasformed;forexample,thehighmountainsoftheHimalayasareonlyabout50millionyearsold.Lowermountainstendtobeolder,andareoftentheerodedrelicsofmuchhighermountainchains.About400millionyearsago,whenthepresent-daycontinentsofNorthAmericaandEuropewerejoined,theCaledonianmountainchainwasthesamesizeasthemodernHimalayas.Today,however,therelicsoftheCaledonianorogeny(mountain-buildingperiod)existasthecomparativelylowmountainsofGreenland,thenorthernAppalachiansintheUnitedStates,theScottishHighlands,andtheNorwegiancoastalplateau.

TheEarth’scrustisthoughttobedividedintohuge,movablesegments,calledplates,whichfloatonasoftplasticlayerofrock,Somemountainswereformedasaresultoftheseplatescrashingintoeachotherandforcinguptherockattheplatemargins.Inthisprocess,sedimentaryrocksthatoriginallyformedontheseabedmaybefoldedupwardstoaltitudesofmorethan26,000feet.Othermountainsmayberaisedbyearthquakes,whichfracturetheEarth’scrustandcandisplaceenoughrocktoproduceblockmountains.Athirdtypeofmountainmaybeformedasaresultofvolcanicactivitywhichoccursinregionsofactivefoldmountainbelts,suchasintheCascadeRangeofwesternNorthAmerica.TheCascadesaremadeupoflavasandvolcanicmaterials.Manyofthepeaksareextinctvolcanoes.

Whateverthereasonformountainformation,assoonaslandrisesabovesealevelitissubjectedtodestructiveforces.Theexposedrocksareattackedbythevariousweatherprocessesandgraduallybrokendownintofragments,whicharethencarriedawayandlaterdepositedassediments.Thus,anylandscaperepresentsonlyatemporarystageinthecontinuousbattlebetweentheforcesofupliftandthoseoferosion.

Theweather,initsmanyforms,isthemainagentoferosion.Rainwashesawayloosesoilandpenetratescracksintherocks.Carbondioxideintheairreactswiththerainwater,formingaweakacid(carbonicacid)thatmaychemicallyattacktherocks.Therainseepsundergroundandthewatermanyreappearlaterassprings.Thesespringsarethesourcesofstreamsandrivers,whichcutthroughtherocksandcarryawaydebrisfromthemountainstothelowlands.

Underverycoldconditions,rockscanbeshatteredbyiceandfrost.Glaciersmayforminpermanentlycoldareas,andtheseslowlymovingmassesoficecutoutvalleys,carryingwiththemhugequantitiesoferodedrockdebris.Indryareasthewindistheprincipalagentoferosion.Itcriesfineparticlesofsand,whichbombardexposedrocksurfaces,therebywearingthemintoyetmoresand.Evenlivingthingscontributetotheformationoflandscapes.Treerootsforcetheirwayintocracksinrocksand,insodoing,speedtheirslitting.Incontrast,therootsofgrassesandothersmallplantsmayhelptoholdloosesoilfragmentstogether,therebyhelpingtopreventerosionbythewind.

50.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofchangesinEarth’slandscape?

51.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph2aboutthemountainsoftheHimalayas?

52.Theword“relics”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.

53.WhydoestheauthormentionCarbondioxideinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyoccurmoreoftenbyupliftthanbyerosion.

B.Theyoccuronlyatspecialtimes.

C.Theyoccurlessfrequentlynowthantheyoncedid.

D.Theyoccurquicklyingeologicalterms.

问题2选项

A.Theircurrentheightisnotanindicationoftheirage.

B.Atpresent,theyaremuchhigherthanthemountainsoftheCaledonianrange.

C.Theywereauniformheightabout400millionyearsago.

D.TheyarenotashighastheCaledonianmountainswere400millionyearsago.

问题3选项

A.resemblances

B.regions

C.remains

D.restorations

问题4选项

A.Toexplaintheoriginofachemicalthatcaneroderocks.

B.Tocontrastcarbondioxidewithcarbonicacid.

C.Togiveanexampleofhowrainwaterpenetratessoil.

D.Toargueforthedesirabilityofpreventingerosion.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】50.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据第一段，关于地球景观的变化，下列哪项陈述是正确的？”。根据第一段第一句中的anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering—slowlyonthehumantimescale,butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofBarth(about4,500billionyears)（地球的外貌在人类文明进程中一直保持着持续缓慢的变化，但是与大约4500亿年前的冰河时代的地貌变化相比，这个进程的确快了很多）可知，地球景观从地质上来说，变化的还是比较快的，所以D项“从地质学的角度上来看，它们变化得很快”正确。根据第一段最后一句Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain:constructiveprocessessuchasuplift,whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures,anddestructiveforcessuchaserosion,whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms.（塑造地形的主要影响因素有两种：一种是建设过程，如隆起，产生新的景观特征；另一种是破坏性力量，如侵蚀，逐渐磨损裸露的地形。）可知，A项“它们通常是由地壳隆起而不是由地壳侵蚀产生的”错误。B项“他们只发生在特殊的时间”和C项“它们发生的频率比以前少”在第一段没有提到。因此，该题选择D项正确。

51.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从第二段可以推断出关于喜马拉雅山脉的下列哪项？”。根据第二段中的Lowermountainstendtobeolder…About400millionyearsago,whenthepresent-daycontinentsofNorthAmericaandEuropewerejoined,theCaledonianmountainchainwasthesamesizeasthemodernHimalayas.（较低的山脉往往更古老……大约4亿年前，当现在的北美大陆和欧洲大陆合并时，加里东山脉和现在的喜马拉雅山一样大。）可知，在4亿年前加里东山脉就和现在的喜马拉雅山一样大，那么加里东山脉至少存在了4亿年，而较低的山脉往往更古老，可以反推，古老的山脉高度也较低，所以B项“目前，它们比加里东山脉高得多”正确。A项“它们目前的高度并不能说明它们的年龄”错误，文中提到了“较低的山脉更古老”。第二段提到thehighmountainsoftheHimalayasareonlyabout50millionyearsold（喜马拉雅山的高山只有大约5000万年的历史），可知喜马拉雅和加里东山脉的存在时间是不一样的，故C项“它们在大约4亿年前是统一的高度”错误。D项“它们不像4亿年前的加里东山脉那么高”，与文章表述不符合。因此，该题选择B项正确。

52.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段中的relics的意思与下列哪一项最接近？”。根据题干关键词可以定位到第二段最后一句therelicsoftheCaledonianorogeny(mountain-buildingperiod)exist…（加里东造山运动的relics仍然存在……），以及第三句Lowermountainstendtobeolder,andareoftentheerodedrelicsofmuchhighermountainchains.（较低的山脉往往更古老，而且往往都是高得多的山脉链的侵蚀relics），文中提到加里东造山运动有大约4亿年了，而且较低的山脉往往更古老，所以可以推断，现在存在的是加里东造山运动的遗迹，所以relics指的就是“遗迹、遗址”的意思，C项“遗迹”符合。A项“相似之处”、B项“地区”和D项“修复”都不正确。因此，该题选择C项正确。

53.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者在文章中提到二氧化碳？”。文章倒数第二段提到Carbondioxideintheairreactswiththerainwater,formingaweakacid(carbonicacid)thatmaychemicallyattacktherocks.（空气中的二氧化碳与雨水发生反应，形成一种弱酸，即碳酸，这种弱酸可能会对岩石产生化学侵蚀），由此可知，作者在这里提到二氧化碳是解释一种可能侵蚀岩石的化学物质的起源，故A项“为了解释一种可以侵蚀岩石的化学物质的起源”正确。B项“对比二氧化碳和碳酸”并不全面。C项“举例说明雨水如何渗透土壤”，雨水只是冲走岩石上的土壤并流入到岩石缝隙中和二氧化碳产生反应，这里提到二氧化碳并不是为了说明雨水是如何渗透土壤的，C项错误。D项“论证防止侵蚀的可取性”，文中并没有提到防止侵蚀的相关内容。因此，该题选择A项正确。

5.单选题

Dowomentendtodevaluetheworthoftheirwork?Dotheyapplydifferentstandardstorewardingtheirownworkmorecriticallythantheydotorewardingtheworkofothers?ThesewerethequestionsaskedbyMichiganStateUniversitypsychologistsLawrenceMesseandCharleneCallahan-Levy.Pastexperimentshadshownthatwhenwomenwereaskedtodecidehowmuchtopaythemselvesandotherpeopleforthesamejob,theypaidthemselvesless.Followinguponthisfinding,MesseandCallahan-Levydesignedexperimentstotestseveralpopularexplanationsofwhywomentendtogetlessinpaysituations.

Onetheorythepsychologiststestedwasthatwomenjudgetheirownworkmoreharshlythanthatofothers.ThesubjectsfortheexperimenttestingthistheoryweremenandwomenfromtheMichiganStateundergraduatestudentbody.Thejobthesubjectswereaskedtoperformforpaywasanopinionquestionnairerequiringanumberofshortessaysoncampus-relatedissues.Aftercompletingthequestionnaire,somesubjectsweregivensixdollarsinbillsandchangeandwereaskedtodecidepaymentforthemselves.Othersweregiventhesameamountandwereaskedtodecidepaymentforanothersubjectwhohadalsocompletedthequestionnaire.

Thepsychologistsfoundthat,asinearlierexperiments,thewomenpaidthemselveslessthanthemenpaidthemselves.Theyalsofoundthatthewomenpaidthemselveslessthantheypaidotherwomenandlessthanthemenpaidthewomen.Thedifferencesweresubstantial.Theaveragepaidtowomenbythemselveswas$2.97.Theaveragepaidtomenbythemselveswas$4.06.Theaveragepaidtowomenbyotherswas$4.37.Inspiteofthedifferences,thepsychologistsfoundthatthemenandthewomenintheexperimentevaluatedtheirownperformancesonthequestionnaireaboutequallyandbetterthantheexpectedperformancesofothers.

Onthebasisofthesefindings,MesseandCallahan-Levyconcludedthatwomen'sattachmentofacomparativelylowmonetaryvaluetotheirworkcannotbebasedentirelyontheirjudgmentoftheirownability.

1.Theexperimentdesignedinthepassagewouldbemostrelevanttotheformulation(表述)ofatheoryconcerningthe________.

2.HowistheresearchofMesseandCallahan-Levyrelatedtoearlierexperimentsinthesamefield?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythefactsstatedinthepassage?

4.TheworkofMesseandCallahan-Levytendstosupportwhichofthefollowingnotions?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.

问题1选项

A.generallylowersalariesreceivedbywomenworkersincomparisontomen

B.reluctanceofsomewomentoenterprofessionsthataretraditionallydominatedbymen

C.anxietyexpressedbysomewomenworkersindealingwithmalesupervisors

D.prejudicesoftensufferedbywomeninattemptingtoentertheworkforce

问题2选项

A.Itsuggestsaneedtodiscardmethodsusedinearlierexperiments.

B.Ittendstoweakentheassumptionsonwhichearlierexperimentsweredesigned.

C.Itsuggeststhattheproblemrevealedinearlierexperimentsmaybemorewidespreadthanpreviouslythought.

D.Ithelpstoexplainaphenomenonrevealedinearlierexperiments

问题3选项

A.Mentendtopaythemselvesmorethantheypayothermenforthesamework.

B.Womentendtopaymenmorethantheypayotherwomenforthesamework.

C.Mentendtopaywomenlessthantheypayothermenforthesamework.

D.Noneoftheabove.

问题4选项

A.Womenaregenerallylessconcernedwithfinancialrewardsfortheirworkthanmenare.

B.Menarewillingtopaywomenmorethanwomenarewillingtopaythemselves.

C.Paymentforworkshouldgenerallybedirectlyrelatedtothequalityofthework.

D.Womenjudgetheirownworkmorecruciallythantheyjudgetheworkofmen.

问题5选项

A.itisnotalwaysreliabletomeasurewomen’sabilitybyhowmuchtheyearn

B.womenwouldratherattachimportancetosacrificesthanaskforrepaymentfortheirwork

C.womentendtoassesstheirabilityofworkbytheirownself-worthratherthanmonetaryvalues

D.womengenerallyremainindifferenttohowmuchmoneytheyshouldobtainfromtheirwork

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句MesseandCallahan-Levydesignedexperimentstotestseveralpopularexplanationsofwhywomentendtogetlessinpaysituations（Messe和Callahan-Levy设计了一些实验，以检验为什么女性的薪酬往往较低的几种流行学说），可知实验是为了验证女性工资普遍较低的相关话题，A选项“与男性相比，女性员工的工资普遍较低”正确。B选项“一些女性不愿意进入传统上由男性主导的职业”，C选项“一些女性员工在与男性主管打交道时表现出焦虑”和D选项“在试图进入职场时，女性经常遭受偏见”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。

2.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句Pastexperimentshadshownthat…Followinguponthisfinding,MesseandCallahan-Levydesignedexperimentstotestseveralpopularexplanationsofwhywomentendtogetlessinpaysituations.（过去的实验表明……在这一发现的基础上，Messe和Callahan-Levy设计了一些实验，以检验为什么女性的薪酬往往较低的几种流行学说），结合第三段第一句asinearlierexperiments…Theyalsofoundthat…（与之前的实验一样……他们还发现……），可知Messe和Callahan-Levy的实验是为了解释之前实验现象的原因，结果与之前的实验结果如出一辙，并且有进一步的发现，可以为先前的实验提供进一步的解释，D选项“有助于解释在之前实验中发现的现象”正确。A选项“表明有必要抛弃在之前实验中使用的方法”：文中没有提到早期实验的方法以及对此的看法，属于无中生有。B选项“倾向于削弱之前实验设计所依据的假设”：其结果印证了之前的假设，属于反向干扰。C选项“表明早期实验揭示的问题可能比以前认为的更广泛”：文中没有提到在早期实验之前的观点，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。A选项“做同样的工作，男性付给自己的报酬往往比别人的多”：文中没有对比男性给自己的和给其他人的金钱差异，属于无中生有。B选项“做同样的工作，女性往往付给男性的钱比给其他女性的多”：根据第三段第一二句thewomenpaidthemselveslessthanthemenpaidthemselves…womenpaidthemselveslessthantheypaidotherwomenandlessthanthemenpaidthewomen.（女性给自己的报酬低于男性给自己的报酬……女性给自己的报酬低于其他女性，也低于男性给女性的报酬），文中没有对比女性给其他女性和男性的报酬，属于无中生有。C选项“做同样的工作，男性付给女性的钱往往比给其他男性的少”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。D选项“以上都不是”：A、B、C选项都不正确，因此D选项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第二句thewomenpaidthemselves…lessthanthemenpaidthewomen（女性付给自己的钱比男性付给女性的少），可知男性付给女性的报酬比女性给自己的报酬高，B选项“男性愿意支付给女性的薪水要高于女性愿意支付给自己的薪水”正确。A选项“与男性相比，女性一般不太关心工作的经济报酬”：根据最后一段women'sattachmentofacomparativelylowmonetaryvaluetotheirwork（女性对其工作相对较低的金钱价值依恋），可知女性没有男性那么渴望较高的报酬，但不代表女性不关心自己得到的报酬是多少，属于推理过度。C选项“工作报酬一般应与工作质量直接相关”和D选项“女性评判自己的工作比男性的工作更重要”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。

5.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段women'sattachmentofacomparativelylowmonetaryvaluetotheirworkcannotbebasedentirelyontheirjudgmentoftheirownability（女性对其工作相对较低的金钱价值依恋，不能完全基于她们对自己能力的判断），可知女性不那么追求高报酬，并不是因为能力低，A选项“用收入多少来衡量女性的能力并不总是可靠的”正确。B选项“妇女宁愿重视牺牲，也不愿要求对她们工作的回报”和D选项“女性通常对她们应该从工作中获得多少钱漠不关心”：虽然女性没有要求那么高的报酬，但不至于对钱漠不关心，愿意做出巨大的牺牲，属于推理过度。C选项“女性倾向于通过自我价值而不是金钱价值来评估自己的工作能力”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience.（）theword‘amateur’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunity.

问题1选项

A.Nevertheless

B.Then

C.Besides

D.Asaresult

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词和词组辨析。A选项nevertheless“然而，不过”；B选项then“然后；于是”；C选项besides“此外；而且”；D选项asaresult“结果；因此”。句意：在科学领域，专业人士和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线。然而，“业余”一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界。由题干中的“doescarryaconnotation确实暗示着”可知与前面存在转折关系，因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Withtheburgeoningofscientificknowledge,workontheneweditionofatextbookbeginssoonaftercompletionoftheoriginal.

问题1选项

A.emerging

B.culminating

C.limiting

D.developing

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：随着科学知识的迅速发展，在原教科书完成后不久，就开始编写新版本的教科书。A选项emerging“走向成熟的，新兴的”；B选项culminating“达到顶点，告终”；C选项limiting“限制的，局限的”；D选项developing“发展中的”。burgeoning意为“迅速发展的，繁荣的”，选项A与之意思最为相近，代入符合语境。

8.翻译题

ReadthefollowingpassageandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentenceintoChinese.

Bychartingoutthetypicalcognitivedevelopmentofchildren,SwisspsychologistJeanPiagethasheavilyinfluencedhowpsychologistsdelineatetheprogressofjuvenilepsychologicalgrowth.Beginninginthe1920sandupuntilhisdeathin1980,hestudiedtheerrorsschoolchildrenmadeonvarioustestsandrealizedthatchildrenofthesameagemadethesamekindsofreasoningerrors.Basedontheserecurringpatterns,heidentifiedstagesinachild’scognitivedevelopment,beginningfrominfancyandextendingthroughadulthood.Essentially,heproposedthattherewasacommontimetablebywhichchildreninitiallydevelopsimplecognitiveskillsandgraduallyrefinethemintomoreabstractwaysofthinking.Whilemorerecenttheoriesonthemattersuggestthatthereismoreoverlapamongthesestagesandthatdifferentenvironmentsaffectchildren'sprogress.Piauet’stheorywasnonethelessextremelyimportanttoinitialstudiesofcognitivedevelopment.

AccordingtoPiaget,thefirststagethatchildrengothroughisthesensorimotorstage,aneventfulandcomplexperiodthatPiagetfurtherdividedintosixsub-stages.Thesensorimotorstagebeginsatbirthandlastsroughlyuntilthechildistwoyearsold.Duringthistime,thechildexperiencestheworldthroughhissensesandmotorskills,andhewillinitiallydevelopandmasterthebasicreflexesofinfants,suchasgrasping,sucking,looking,andlistening.Moreover,theinfantsbegintodevelopthefundamentalsofbasiccognitivefunctions.Hedevelopsawarenessofhimselfandofsubjectsasseparateentitiesandbeginstomanipulatehisexternalenvironment,usuallybykicking,movingobjects,andchewingontoys.

Thechildalsolearnsthatcertainactionswillhavecertaineffects,andhemayperformanactiontorecreatetheseeffects.Forinstance,hemayaccidentallysuckhisthumbandfinditpleasurable,soherepeatedlysuckshisthumbtoexperiencethepleasureagain.Finally,thechildalsoshowsthebasiccapacityforunderstandingsymbols,andhedevelopsarudimentaryuseoflanguagetowardtheendofthisstage,mostnotablybyidentifyingparentswithwordslike“Mama”and“Dada”.

Inthenextstage,thepreoperationalstage(ages2-7)thechildexpandshiscapacityforsymbolicthinking,andhecanenvisiontheenvironmentandmanipulateitwithhisimagination.Imaginationthusdevelopsmorefully,asseeninthechild'stendencytorole-playotherpeople(likehisparents,firefighters,ect.),andtopretendthatobjectsareotherthings,likepretendingthatabroomisahorse.ThisStageismarkedbytwootherdistinctivecharacteristics.Thefirstisegocentrism.

WhileChild’slanguagedevelopsmorefullyforthepurposeofsocialinteraction,histhoughtprocessisstilllimitedbyindividualexperiences,andthesecognitivelimitationsexcludeanyalternativeviewpoints.Theothercharacteristicisthatthoughtoccursinanillogicalandirreversiblemanner.Achildcaneasilybelievethatthingscanmagicallyincrease,decrease,orvanish,asperceptionsoftendictatetheirreality.

Intheconcreteoperationalstage(ages7-11),thechildshowsevidenceforlogicalthoughtandbecomeslessegocentricinhisthinking.Hebeginstograspconceptssuchasmass,length,volume,time,andotherabstractmeasurements,andhebecomescapableofsolvingbasiclogicalproblemsandunderstandingreversiblelogic.Hecanperformsimplearithmeticlikeaddition,subtractionandmultiplicationandhisunderstandingofhowtheseconceptsrelatetoeachotherincreased.Inthefourthandfinalstage,theformal,operationalstage,(frompubertytoadulthood),thechildisfinallyabletothinkincompletelyabstractterms.Heisabletoperformalgebra,calculus,andothermathematicsthatutilizesymbols,formulasandlogic,andheiscapableofothercomplexcriticalandsomemayneverfullyoradequatelygrasptheseskills,evenasadults.

【答案】

而最近关于这个问题的理论表明，这些阶段存在很多重叠部分，不同的环境对孩子们的成长都有影响。尽管如此，Piauet的理论对孩子们认知能力发展的最初研究是非常重要的。

孩子也明白，某些特定的行为将会带来特定的影响和结果，他可能会发出一种行为再创这些结果。比如，他可能偶然吮吸自己的大拇指，发现这相当有趣，所以他会重复吮吸他的大拇指来再次体验这种快乐。

在下一阶段，前运算阶段（2-7岁），孩子会发展他象征性思维的能力，他能够想象一个环境，并且用自己的想象力去处理操控它。

尽管孩子的语言能力得到完全发展，能够适应社会交流的目的，但是他的思维能力仍然因为个人的经历而受限，并且这些认知限制排除任何不同的观点。

在具体运算阶段（7-11岁），孩子表现出逻辑思维能力，并且在他的思想里存在更少的利己主义思想。

9.单选题

Hipreplacementsurgeryis（）jointreplacementsurgeryintheU.S.

问题1选项

A.thesinglemostfrequent

B.themostsinglefrequent

C.thesinglefrequent

D.asinglefrequent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词排序。按照形容词最高级用法，themost排在最前面，single表示种类，frequent表示频率，处于常规形容词排序之外，因此B选项符合题意。

10.写作题

Supposeyouwilltakepartinaclassdebatenextweek,andyouaregiventhedebatequestion"Whichistoppriority,toeliminateinequalityorpovertyinourcountry?"

Writeaspeechforthedebateandclarifyyourownviewpointtowardswhateveryourpositionwillbe(justoneposition).Butbesurethatyourargumentwillbesupportedwithampleexamplesorevidence.Doremembertoprovideatitleforyourspeech.

Thelengthofyourspeechisexpectedtobebetween250and300words.WriteyourspeechontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】略

11.翻译题

Fourlegalapproachesmaybefollowedinattemptingtochanneltechnologicaldevelopmentinsociallyusefuldirection:specificdirectives,marketincentivemodifications,criminalprohibitions,andchangesindecision-makingstructures.Specificdirectivesinvolvethegovernment’sidentifyingoneormorefactorscontrollingresearch,development,orimplementationofagiventechnology.Directivesaffectingsuchfactorsmayvaryfromadministrativeregulationofprivateactivitytogovernmentownershipofatechnologicaloperation.Marketincentivemodificationsaredeliberatealterationsofthemarketwithinwhichprivatedecisionsregardingthedevelopmentandimplementationoftechnologyaremade.Suchmodificationsmayconsistofimposingtaxes,tocoverthecoststosocietyofagiventechnology,grantingsubsidiestopayforsocialbenefitsofatechnology,creatingtherighttosuetopreventcertaintechnologicaldevelopment,oreasingproceduralrulestoenabletherecoveryofdamagestocompensateforharmcausedbydestructivetechnologicalactivity.Criminalprohibitionsmaymodifytechnologicalactivityinareasimpingingonfundamentalsocialvalues,ortheymaymodifyhumanbehaviorlikelytoresultfromtechnologicalapplications—forexample,thedeactivationofautomotivepollutioncontroldevicesinordertoimprovevehicleperformance.Alterationofdecision-makingstructuresincludesallpossiblemodificationsintheauthority,constitution,orresponsibilityofprivateandpublicentitiesdecidingquestionsoftechnologicaldevelopmentandimplementation.Suchalterationsincludetheadditionofpublic-interestmemberstocorporateboards,theimpositionbystatuteofdutiesongovernmentaldecision-makers,andtheextensionofwarrantiesinresponsetoconsumeraction.

【答案】参考译文：

在尝试引导技术朝对社会有用的方向发展时可以采取四种法律途径：特定的指令、市场激励的更改、犯罪的禁止以及决策结构的改变。特定的指令涉及政府确定控制某一特定技术研究、发展或施行的一个或更多因素。影响这些因素的指令从私营活动的行政法规到一种技术营运的政府所有制可能有变化。市场激励的更改是市场的故意改变，而在该市场中会做出有关技术发展和施行的私营决定。这样的更改可能由征税支付一种特定技术的社会成本、提供补贴支付一种技术的社会福利、创造阻止某些技术发展的起诉权或放宽程序性规则来使损害的修复能够补偿破坏性的技术活动引起的损害。犯罪的禁止可以在冲击基本社会价值的领域更改技术活动或它们可以更改可能源于技术运用的人类行为。例如，为了提高车辆性能而使汽车污染控制装置失效。决策结构的改变包括决定技术发展和施行问题的私营和公共实体的当权者、组成或职责方面所有可能的更改。这样的更改包括增加公共利益成员至公司董事会，依照法规强加职责给政府决策者和延长保修期来回应消费者的行动。

12.翻译题

Adviceisoffensive,notbecauseitlaysusopentounexpectedregret,orconvictsusofanyfaultwhichhadescapedournotice,butbecauseitshowsusthatweareknowntoothersaswellastoourselves;and1.theofficiousmonitorispersecutedwithhatred,notbecausehisaccusationisfalse,butbecauseheassumesthatsuperioritywhichwearenotwillingtogranthim,andhasdaredtodetectwhatwedesiredtoconceal.

Forthisreason,adviceiscommonlyineffectual.2.Ifthosewhofollowthecalloftheirdesires,withoutinquirywheretheyaregoing,haddeviatedignorantlyfromthepathsofwisdom,andwererushingupondangersunforeseen,theywouldreadilylistentoinformationthatrecallsthemfromtheirerrorsandcatchthefirstalarmbywhichdestructionorinfamyisdenounced.Fewthatwanderinthewrongwaymistakeitfortheright;theyonlyfinditmoresmoothandflowery,andindulgetheirownchoiceratherthanapproveit;thereforefewarepersuadedtoquititbyadmonitionorreproof,sinceitimpressesnonewconviction,norconfershowanypoweroractionorresistance.Hethatisgravelyinformedhowsoonprofusionwillannihilatehisfortune,hearswithlittleadvantagewhatheknewbefore,andcatchesatthenextoccasionofexpense,becauseadvicehasnoforcetosuppresshisvanity.3.Hethatistoldhowcertainlyintemperancewillhurryhimtothegrave,runswithhisusualspeedtoanewcourseofluxury,becausehisreasonisnotinvigorated,norhisappetiteweakened.

4.ThemischiefofFlatteryis,notthatitpersuadesanymanthatheiswhatheisnot,butthatitsuppressestheinfluenceofhonestambition,byraisinganopinionthathonormaybegainedwithoutthetoilofmerit,andthebenefitofadvicearisescommonly,notfromanynewlightimpartedtothemind,butfromthediscoverywhichitaffords,ofpublicsuffrages.

Asweallknowourownfaults,andknowthemcommonlywithmanyaggravationwhichhumanperspicacitycannotdiscover,thereis,perhaps,noman,howeverhardenedbyimpudenceordissipatedbylevity,shelteredbyhypocrisy,orblastedbydisgrace,whodoesnotintendsometimetoreviewhisconductandtoregulatetheremainderofhislifebythelawofvirtues.Newtemptationindeedattackhim,newinvitationsareofferedbypleasureandinterestandthehourofreformationisalwaysdelayed,5.everydelaygivesviceanotheropportunityoffortifyingitselfofhabit;andthechangeofmanners,thoughsincerelyintendedandrationallyplanned,isreferredtothetimewhensomecravingpassionshallbefullygratified,orsomepowerfulallurementceaseitsimportunity.

【答案】1.爱管闲事的监督员容易被人记恨，不是因为他的指责是错误的，而是因为他具有我们不愿意让他有的优势，并且他敢于查明我们想要隐瞒的东西。

2.有些人按照自己的意愿行事，没有人询问他们要去哪里，如果这些人不知不觉偏离了正途，正冲向不可预见的危险，他们会很乐意听取那些能让他们从错误中醒悟过来的建议，并且捕捉到让他们免于毁灭或恶行的第一声警告。

3.如果一个人被告知没有节制的生活必然会加速他走向坟墓的步伐，他还是会以他平常的速度奔向新的奢靡之路，因为他的理智没有被激发，他的胃口也没有被减弱。

4.谄媚的危害，不在于它使人相信他是他自己并不是的那种人，而在于它抑制了真实抱负的影响，因为它使人产生这样一种观点：荣誉不需要付出努力就能获得。

5.每一次拖延，都是在为缺点发展成恶习提供机会。虽然诚心改过，也有合理的计划，但是，只有在某种热切的渴望得到充分满足，或者某种强烈的诱惑停止纠缠时，改过自新的行为才能落实。

13.单选题

Itisa（）_truththatmanistheonlyanimalthathasthepowertospeakandreason.

问题1选项

A.corporate

B.virtual

C.universal

D.indefinite

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项corporate“法人的，共同的”。B选项virtual“虚拟的”。C选项universal“普遍的，全世界的”。D选项indefinite“不确定的，无限的”。句意：人类是唯一具有说话和推理能力的动物，这是一个公认的事实。本句表示“人类是仅有的具有说话和推理能力的动物，这是一个普遍公认的事实。”因此C选项符合题意。

14.单选题

Allpartsofthissewingmachineare（

）sothatitisverysimpletogetreplacementsforthem.

问题1选项

A.mechanized

B.minimized

C.modernized

D.standardized

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。mechanize意为“使机械化”；minimize意为“使最小化，使减少到最低限度”；modernize意为“使现代化”；standardize意为“使标准化，使符合标准（或规格）”。

由itisverysimpletogetreplacements（替换很简单）可推测Allpartsofthissewingmachine（缝纫机的所有零部件）应是“标准件”，因此选D。

句意：这台缝纫机的所有零件都是标准