考研考博-英语-南京视觉艺术职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京视觉艺术职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreesmustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshavelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsavingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It’sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromiseofthe20thcentury.

Thepromisewasassuredeconomicsecurity-evencomfort-foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecavemandays-lackoffoodwarmth,shelter-wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmanyways.Governmentscreatedwelfaresystemsforanyoneinneedandseparateprogramsfortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S).Laborunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionsforretirees.Giantcorporationscameintotobeingandofferedthepossibility-insomecasesthepromise-oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensions.Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.

Theearlyhintsthatthispromisemightbebrokenonalargescalecameinthe1980s.U.S.businesshadbecomeuncompetitivegloballyandbeganrestructuringmassively,withhugeLayoffs.Thetrendacceleratedinthe1990sasthebastionsofcorporatewelfarefacedreality.IBMendeditsno-layoffpolicy.AT&Tfiredthousands,manyofwhomfoundsuchathingsimplyincomprehensible,andafewofwhomkilledthemselves.Theothersupposedguarantorsofoureconomicsecuritywerealsoindecline.Labor-unionmembershipandpowerfelltotheirlowestlevelsindecades.PresidentClintonsignedahistoricbillscalingbackwelfare.AmericansrealizedthatSocialSecuritywon’tprovidesocialsecurityforanyofus.

Alessvisiblebutequallysignificanttrendaffectedpensions.Tomakecostseasiertocontrol,companiesmovedawayfromdefinedbenefitpensionplans,whichobligatethemtopayoutspecifiedamountsyearsinthefuture,todefinecontributionplans,whichspecifyonlyhowmuchgoesintotheplaytoday.Themostcommontypeofdefined-contributionplanisthe401(k).Thesignificanceofthe401(k)isthatitputsmostoftheresponsibilityforaperson’seconomicfatebackontheemployee.Withinlimitstheemployeemustdecidehowmuchgoesintoplaneachyearandhowitgetsinvested-thetwofactorsthatwilldeterminehowmuchit’sworthwhentheemployeeretires.

WhatbringsusbacktoEnron?Thosebillionsofdollarsinvaporizedretirementsavingswentinemployees’401(k)accounts,Thatis,theemployeeschosehowmuchmoneytoputintothoseaccountsandthenchosehowtoinvestit.Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall.AtleasttwospecialfeaturescomplicatetheEnroncase.First,someshareholderschargetopmanagementwithillegallycoveringupthecompany’sproblems,promptinginvestorstohangonwhentheyshouldhavesold.Second,Enron’s401(k)accountswerelockedwhilethecompanychangedplanadministratorsinOctober,whenthestockwasfalling,soemployeescouldnothaveclosedtheiraccountsiftheywantedto.

ButbyfarthelargestcauseofthishumantragedyisthatthousandsofemployeeswereheavilyoverweighedinEnronstock.Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid.

TheEnronemployees’retirementdisasterispartofthelargertrendawayfromguaranteedeconomicsecurity.That’swhypreventingsuchathingfromeverhappeningagainmaybeimpossible.ThehugeattitudinalshifttoI’ll-be-taken-care-oftookatleastageneration.Theshiftbackmaytakejustaslong.Itwon’tbecompleteuntilanewgenerationofemployeesseeassuredeconomiccomfortasa20th-centuryquirk,andunderstandnotjustintellectuallybutintheirbonesthat,likemostpeopleinmosttimesandplaces,they’reontheirown.

1.Whydoestheauthorsayatthebeginning“ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory...’’？

2.Accordingtothepassage,thecombinedeffortsbygovernments,layoutunionsandbigcorporationstoguaranteeeconomiccomforthaveledtoasignificantchangein（

）

3.Changesinpensionschemeswerealsopartof（

）.

4.ThousandsofemployeeschoseEnronastheirsoleinvestmentoptionmainlybecause（

）.

5.WhichisNOTseenasalessondrawnfromtheEnrondisaster?

问题1选项

A.Becausethecompanyhasgonebankrupt.

B.Becausesucheventswouldneverhappenagain.

C.BecausemanyEnronworkerslosttheirretirementsavings.

D.becauseitsignifiesaturningpointineconomicsecurity.

问题2选项

A.people’soutlookonlife.

B.people’slifestyles.

C.people’slivingstandard

D.people’ssocialvalues.

问题3选项

A.thecorporatelay-offs

B.thegovernmentcutsinwelfarespending

C.theeconomicrestructuring

D.thewarningpoweroflaborsunions

问题4选项

A.the401(k)madethemresponsiblefortheirownfuture.

B.Enronofferedtoaddcompanystocktotheirinvestment.

C.theiremployersintendedtocutbackonpensionspending.

D.Enron’sofferwassimilartoadefined-benefitplan.

问题5选项

A.401(k)assetsshouldbeplacedinmorethanoneinvestmentoption.

B.Employeeshavetotakeupresponsibilitiesforthemselves.

C.Sucheventscouldhappenagainasitisnoteasytochangepeople’smind

D.Economicsecuritywon’tbetakenforgrantedbyfutureyoungworkers.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推断题。本文讲的是安然公司员工在商业历史上的悲惨命运是经济安全问题的一个转折点。

2.细节题。原文指出:Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory,由此看出,人们在对生活的观点态度方面有了一个重大的改变。

3.细节题。由第七段看出,退休金计划的改变是政府在福利上削减的组成部分。

4.细节题。第七段指出:Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall,由此可知,安然公司让投资者拥有他们公司的股票,因此很多员工选择安然作为他们投资的唯一选择。

5.推断题。第六段指出：Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid,由此可知,A项(401（k）项资产应置于多个投资选项中),B项(员工必须自负盈亏)正确。第一段指出:Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems,因此C项(这种情况可能会再次发生，因为改变人们的想法并不容易)正确。故选D。

2.单选题

Onthestagemanypiecesofbluesilkwerefluctuatedto（

）theseawaves.

问题1选项

A.simplify

B.simulate

C.help

D.like

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。simplify“简化”；simulate“模仿；假装”；help“帮助”；like“喜欢”。句意：舞台上用了很多上下飘动的蓝色丝绸来模仿海浪。选项B符合题意。

3.单选题

Practitionersoflawandmedicineareesteemedinmanycountrieswhichseemstoindicatethat（

）dependsonprofessionortitle.

问题1选项

A.prestige

B.superiority

C.privilege

D.merit

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。prestige“声望；声誉”；superiority“优越；优越性”；privilege“特权；优待”；merit“优点；价值”。句意：法律和医生从业者在许多国家都受到尊敬，这似乎说明声望取决于职业和头衔。选项A符合题意。

4.单选题

JeanWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit____inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.

问题1选项

A.istobeanalyzed

B.hasbeenanalyzed

C.beanalyzed

D.shouldhavebeenanalyzed

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.istobeanalyzed分析B.hasbeenanalyzed分析

C.beanalyzed分析D.shouldhavebeenanalyzed分析

【答案】C

【考查点】虚拟语气

【解题思路】本题考查的是should类虚拟语气。当should用于命令、请求、建议、决定等词后面的宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中时，从句使用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。在本题中，hisinsistencethatit____inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference，此处hisinsistence“他的坚持”属于建议或决定类词语，空格处所在部分为that引导的同位语从句，因此应当使用“should+动词原形”的形式，should可以省略。根据句意这些诗歌是被分析的对象，所以应该使用被动语态，因此，C选项beanalyzed符合题意。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原句语法要求。

【句意】JeanWagner对美国非裔诗人的诗歌做出的影响最大的贡献是——他坚持在宗教以及世俗的框架中分析这些诗歌。

5.单选题

Thegymhasequippedwithvariouspiecesofweight-lifting（）.

问题1选项

A.apparatus

B.appliance

C.gauge

D.implement

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项apparatus“装置；设备”；B选项appliance“器具；器械”；C选项gauge“计量器；容量规格”；D选项implement“工具；器具”。句意：这个健身房有各种举重……。apparatus一般可用为所有设备的总称。appliance侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。implement原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。地点是健身房，关键信息variouspiecesof“各种类型的”，在句中缺少对举重设备的一个总的概括。因此A选项符合题意。

6.单选题

Overathirdofthepopulationwasestimatedtohaveno（）tothehealthservice.

问题1选项

A.assessment

B.assignment

C.exception

D.access

【答案】D

【解析】句意:据估计，超过三分之一的人口无法获得公共医疗卫生服务。

考查固定搭配。Haveaccessto有权使用，有机会使用。

7.写作题

Directions:Use200-250wordstopresentyourviewsonthetopicbelow,usingrelevantreasonsandexamplestosupportthem.

“High-speedelectroniccommunicationsmedia,suchaselectronicmailandtelevision,tendtopreventmeaningfulandthoughtfulcommunication.”

【答案】略

8.单选题

Toomuchtimehas（

）sincetheystartedtalkingontheissue.

问题1选项

A.elapsed

B.occupied

C.circulated

D.detached

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。elapse意为“（时间）消逝，过去”；occupy意为“使用，占用”；circulate意为“循环，传播”；detach意为“分离，拆开”。

句意：自从他们开始讨论这个问题以来，已经花了太多时间。

9.单选题

We’dbetter（

）thewholeplaceincaseit’sbeenbugged.

问题1选项

A.leavealone

B.checkout

C.takedown

D.pulldown

【答案】B

【解析】leavealone不管,不打扰；checkout检查；takedown拿下,记下；pulldown推翻,摧毁。句意:我们最好把整个地方都检查一下,以防被安了窃听器。选项B符合句意。

10.单选题

ThephysicaldevastationcausedbytheCivilWar,thefreeingoftheslaves,andthechaosoftheReconstructionerahadruinouseffectsonMississippi’seconomy.

问题1选项

A.impact

B.disorder

C.offence

D.folly

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.impact巨大影响，强大作用B.disorder杂乱，混乱

C.offence犯罪，罪行D.folly愚笨，愚蠢的想法（或事情、行为）

【答案】B

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】chaos的意思为“混乱，杂乱”，指的是重建时期的混乱，disorder与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】南北战争造成的物质破坏，奴隶解放和重建时期的混乱给密西西比的经济带来了毁灭性的影响。

11.单选题

M:Sinceyoudon'tlikeyourboss,whyareyoustillhangingaroundwithhim?

W:I’mnot.Iamgoingtostopfoolingaroundandquit.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

问题1选项

A.Shewillresign.

B.Shewillstopherbosshangingaround.

C.Shewillfiretheman.

D.Shecannotbutstaywiththeboss.

【答案】A

【解析】根据女士的话“我不再会这样无所事事下去，我打算辞职。”A选项的resign和题目的quit是一个意思，正确。

12.单选题

Thenoiseofhisloudvoice（

）whatthegirlwastryingtotellus.

问题1选项

A.covered

B.suppressed

C.drowned

D.deadened

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。句意:他大声喧哗使得我们无法听清楚女孩设法告诉我们什么。

covert:隐藏的,隐蔽的。suppress:抑制，镇压,控制。drown:淹没,盖没。deaden:减弱，缓和。故C项符合句意。

13.单选题

Thecheerful,livelymelodyofdancemusic（

）almostallthewearysoldiers.

问题1选项

A.drained

B.diverted

C.renewed

D.revived

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。drain“喝光，排水，流干”；divert“转移；使……转向”；renew“使更新；续借”；revive“使复兴；使苏醒”。句意：这支充满活力的欢快舞曲使那位筋疲力尽的士兵振奋起来。选项D符合题意。

14.单选题

Afakecanbedefinedasanartworkintendedtodeceive.Themotivesofitscreatoraredecisive,andthemeritoftheobjectitselfisaseparateissue.ThequestionmarkinthetitleofMarkJones’sFake?TheArtofDeceptionrevealsthestudy’sbroaderconcerns.Indeed,itmightequallybeentitledOriginal?Andthetextbeginsbynothingavarietyofpossibilitiessomewherebetweenthetwoextremes.Theseincludeworksbyanartist’sfollowersinthestyleofthemaster,deliberatearchaism,copyingforpedagogicalpurposes,andtheproductionofcommercialfacsimiles.

ThegreaterpartofFake?isdevotedtoachronologicalsurveysuggestingthatfakingfeedsonthemanydifferentmotivespeoplehaveforcollectingart,andthat,onthewhole,thefakingofartflourisheswheneverartcollectingflourishes.InimperialRometherewasawidespreadinterestincollectingearlierGreekart,andthereforeinfakingit.Nodoubtmanyofthesculpturesnowexhibitedas“Romancopies”wereoriginallypassedoffasGreek.InmedievalEurope,becauseartwascelebratedmoreforitsdevotionalusesthanforitsprovenanceortheingenuityofitscreators,thefakingofartwasvirtuallynonexistent.ThemodernageoffakingbeganintheItalianRenaissance,withtwolinkeddevelopments:apassionateidentificationwiththeworldofantiquityandagrowingsenseofindividualartisticidentity.ApatronoftheyoungMichelangeloprevailedupontheartisttomakehisSculptureSleepingCupidlookasthoughithadbeenburiedintheearthsothat“itwillbetakenforantique,andyouwillsellitmuchbetter.”Withinafewyears,however,beginningwithhisfirstmasterpiece,theBacchus,Michelangelohadshownhiscontemporariesthatgreatartcanassimilateandtranscendwhatcamebefore,resultinginawhollyoriginalwork.Soonhisgeniusmadehimtheobjectofimitators.

Fake?Alsoremindsusthatincertainculturesauthenticityisaforeignconcept.ThisistrueofmuchAfricanart,whentheauthenticityofanobjectisconsideredbycollectorstodependonitsfunction.Asanillustration,thestudycomparestwoversionsofachiwaramaskmadebytheBambarapeopleofMali.Onehaspegsallowingittobeattachedtoacapforitsintendedceremonialpurpose.Thesecond,otherwiseidentical,lacksthepegsandisareplicamadeforsale.Africancarvingisnotoriouslydifficulttodate,buteveniftheritualmaskisrecent,madeperhapstoreplaceadamagedpredecessor,andthereplicamucholder,onlytheritualmaskshouldbeseenasauthentic,foritistiedtotheform’soriginalfunction.That,atleast,istheconsensusoftheso-calledexperts.OnewonderswhethertheBambaranartistswouldagree.

56.Thepassagecanbestbedescribedasdoingwhichoneofthefollowing?

57.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressestheauthor’smainpoint?

58.TheauthorprovidesatleastoneexampleofeachofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

59.Theauthorimplieswhichoneofthefollowingabouttheartisticmeritsoffakes?

60.Bythestandarddescribedinthelastparagraphofthepassage,whichoneofthefollowingwouldbeconsideredauthentic?

问题1选项

A.Reconcilingvariedpointsofview.

B.Chroniclingtheevolutionofaphenomenon.

C.Exploringacomplexquestion.

D.Advocatinganewapproach.

问题2选项

A.Whetheraworkofartisfakeornotislessimportantthanwhetherithasartisticmerit.

B.Itispossibletoshowthataworkofartisfake,buttheauthenticityofaworknotbeprovedconclusively.

C.Avarietyofcircumstancesmakeitdifficulttodeterminewhetheraworkofartcanappropriatelybecalledafake.

D.Thefakingofarthasoccurredthroughouthistoryandinvirtuallyeveryculture.

问题3选项

A.categoriesofartthatareneitherwhollyfakenorwhollyoriginal

B.contemporaryartistswhoseworkshaveinspiredfakes

C.qualitiesthatartcollectorshaveprizedintheiracquisitions

D.culturesinwhichthefakingofartflourished

问题4选项

A.Afakemayormaynothaveartisticmeritinitsownright,regardlessofthecircumstancesofitsproduction.

B.Whetherafakehasartisticmeritdependsonwhetheritscreatorisaccomplishedasanartist.

C.Theartisticmeritoffakedependsonthemeritoftheoriginalworkthatinspiredthefake.

D.Afakecanbesaidtohaveartisticmeritonlyiftheattempteddeceptionissuccessful.

问题5选项

A.AnancientRomancopyofanancientGreeksculpture.

B.Amodernreconstructionofamedievalaltarpiecedesignedtoserveitstraditionalroleinaserviceofworship.

C.Aprintofapaintingsignedbytheartistwhopaintedtheoriginal.

D.ApaintingbegunbyRenaissancemasterandfinishedbyhisassistantsafterhisdeath.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】56.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干的意思是“这篇文章可以最好的描述为在做下列哪一种事情？”。通读全文可知，都在从各个角度讲述赝品其实是另外一件艺术品这样一个复杂的问题，作者认为虽然创造者的动机是欺骗性的，但是这件艺术品本身的特质是另外一回事；而且在文中作者举了相关的例子加以说明，例如第二段第二句InimperialRometherewasawidespreadinterestincollectingearlierGreekart,andthereforeinfakingit.Nodoubtmanyofthesculpturesnowexhibitedas“Romancopies”wereoriginallypassedoffasGreek.（在罗马帝国时期，人们对收藏早期希腊艺术品有着广泛的兴趣，因此也热衷于伪造艺术品。毫无疑问，现在作为“罗马复制品”展出的许多雕塑最初被冒充为希腊雕塑）提到，罗马的艺术品很多是希腊当时的仿造品，但是现在仍然被视为珍宝。通过分析，C项“探索一个复杂的问题”符合题意。A项“调和不同的观点”，文中没有提到不同的观点；B项“记录某一现象的演变”，文中也没有记录赝品现象的演变；D项“提倡新方法”不符合文章大意。因此该题选C。

57.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干的意思是“下列哪个选项最好地表达了作者的主要观点？”。根据文章的第一段Indeed,itmightequallybeentitledOriginal？Andthetextbeginsbynothingavarietyofpossibilitiessomewherebetweenthetwoextremes.Theseincludeworksbyanartist’sfollowersinthestyleofthemaster,deliberatearchaism,copyingforpedagogicalpurposes,andtheproductionofcommercialfacsimiles.（事实上，它可能同样被命名为“原创？”；而且这篇文章一开始就没有任何可能性介于这两个极端之间；其中包括大师风格的追随者的作品、有意的古语、为教学目的的复制以及商业复制品的生产）可知，一件艺术品在各种情况下都没有可能性确定是赝品，所以C项“在各种各样的情况下，很难确定一件艺术品是否可以被恰当地称为赝品”符合题意。A项“一件艺术品是否赝品并不重要，重要的是它是否有艺术价值”，根据最后一段第二句ThisistrueofmuchAfricanart,whentheauthenticityofanobjectisconsideredbycollectorstodependonitsfunction.（当收藏家认为一件物品的真伪取决于它的功能时，很多非洲艺术品都是如此）可知，一件艺术品的重要之处还在于它的功能，A项片面，所以不选；B项“有可能证明一件艺术品是赝品，但无法最终证明一件艺术品的真伪”，文中提到没有任何可能证明一件艺术品是赝品，B项错误；D项“艺术造假在历史上和几乎每一种文化中都屡见不鲜”，选项本身没有错误，但是这不是文章主要的内容，文章主要是讨论赝品和艺术品的之间的区别和关系。因此该题选C。

58.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干的意思是“除了哪一项之外，作者至少为下列每一项提供了一个例子？”。A项“既非完全赝品也非完全原创的艺术类别”，根据文章第一段ThequestionmarkinthetitleofMarkJones’sFake？TheActofDeceptionrevealsthestudy’sbroaderconcerns.Indeed,itmightequallybeentitledOriginal？（马克•琼斯的《赝品：欺骗的艺术》一书，标题中的问号揭示了该研究更广泛的担忧。事实上，它可能同样被命名为“原创?”）可知，A项有所提及；B项“当代艺术家的作品激发了赝品的创作灵感”，文中没有相关提及的例子；根据第二段第一句fakingfeedsonthemanydifferentmotivespeoplehaveforcollectingart,andthat,onthewhole,thefakingofartflourisheswheneverartcollectingflourishes.（造假会助长人们收藏艺术品的多种不同动机，而且，总体而言，艺术收藏繁荣的时候，造假也就繁荣起来）可知，C项“这些品质是艺术收藏家在他们的藏品中所珍视的”和D项“伪造艺术盛行的文化”都有提及，只有B选项没有提到。因此该题选B。

59.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干的意思是“作者暗示了下列哪一项是关于赝品的艺术价值？”。根据第二段第一句onthewhole,thefakingofartflourisheswheneverartcollectingflourishes（总体而言，艺术收藏繁荣的时候，造假也就繁荣起来）可知，赝品有没有艺术价值，取决于艺术收藏是否盛行，所以A项“一件赝品本身可能有也可能没有艺术价值，与它的生产环境无关”符合题意。B项“一个赝品是否有艺术价值，取决于它的创作者是否作为一个艺术家完成”，根据第二段InimperialRometherewasawidespreadinterestincollectingearlierGreekart,andthereforeinfakingit.Nodoubtmanyofthesculpturesnowexhibitedas“Romancopies”wereoriginallypassedoffasGreek.（在罗马帝国时期，人们对收藏早期希腊艺术品有着广泛的兴趣，因此也热衷于伪造艺术品；毫无疑问，现在作为“罗马复制品”展出的许多雕塑最初被冒充为希腊雕塑）可知，一个赝品是否有价值和它的创作者是不是艺术家无关，B项错误；C项“赝品的艺术价值取决于激发赝品灵感的原作的价值”，最后一段第二句提到ThisistrueofmuchAfricanart,whentheauthenticityofanobjectisconsideredbycollectorstodependonitsfunction.（当收藏家认为一件物品的真伪取决于它的功能时，很多非洲艺术品都是如此），由此可知赝品的艺术价值也可以取决于它的功能；D项“一件赝品只有在欺骗成功的情况下才可以说是有艺术价值的”，内容与文章不符。因此该题选A。

60.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干的意思是“根据文章最后一段所描述的标准，下列哪项会被认为是可信的？”。文章中最后一段第二句指出ThisistrueofmuchAfricanart,whentheauthenticityofanobjectisconsideredbycollectorstodependonitsfunction.（当收藏家认为一件物品的真伪取决于它的功能时，很多非洲艺术品都是如此），由此可知只有当收藏家是基于它的功能而把它视为艺术的时候，它才是真的；所以B项“现代重建的中世纪祭坛作品，为在礼拜仪式中发挥其传统作用而设计的”符合题意。A项“古希腊雕塑的古罗马复制品”不是最后一段的内容；C项“由原画作者签名的一幅画的复制品”和D项“一幅由文艺复兴时期的大师开始，在他死后由他的助手完成的画”在文中没有相关的出处。因此该题选B。

15.填空题

MuchofwhatisbestinRoots—thestoryofhisfamilytracesbackoversevengenerations—waswritten

outofthisman’sownsufferingsanddespair.Heisclosetotearsashetellsthestory.

A

B

C

D

【答案】Btracesback改为tracedback

【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。

【解题思路】根据waswritten，可知动作已完成，trace是非谓语动词，用过去分词traced表示动作已发生。

【句意】《根》讲述了他的家族七代人的故事，其中最精彩的部分是他用自己的痛苦和绝望写成的。当他讲述这个故事时，几乎要流泪了。

16.单选题

Edisontestedmorethanonethousandmaterialstoseeiftheycould（）electriccurrentandglow.

问题1选项

A.bring

B.make

C.carry

D.produce

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。句意：爱迪生测试了一千多种材料，看它们是否能携带电流并发光。选项C最符合语境。

17.单选题

SectionA

Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned;whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.

SectionB

Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere“limitstogrowth”.Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelationoftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the“invisiblehand”ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.

SectionC

However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealth-careisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy.

SectionD

Althoughthelanguageof“rights”sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognizedasa“publicgood”,ratherthana“privategood”thatoneisexpectedtobuyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationputit:“Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinctionofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition.”Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionsfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.

SectionE

Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP.)

Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolationsaboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrator,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.

1.therealizationthattheresourcesofthenationalhealthsystemswerelimited

2.asharpriseinthecostofhealth-care

3.abeliefthatallthehealth-careresourcesthecommunityneededwouldbeproducedbyeconomicgrowth

4.anacceptanceoftheroleofthestateinguaranteeingtheprovisionofhealth-care

问题1选项

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

问题2选项

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

问题3选项

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

问题4选项

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.根据SectionB中第二句，“Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.”在20世纪50年代和20世纪60年代，西方社会逐渐认识到，提供矿物燃料能源的资源是有限的，也是可耗尽的，自然或环境维持经济发展和人口的能力也是有限的。可判断出国家意识到医疗系统的资源是有限的在20世纪50年代和20世纪60年代，所以选项B符合题意。

2.根据SectionE第三句，“…healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.”，医疗费用占GDP的比例从1960年的3.8%上升到1980年的7%，据预测，医疗费用占GDP的比例还将继续上升。可判断出医疗费用的增长发生在1960-1980年，选项B符合题意。

3.根据SectionB最后一句，“…afterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbe