成功的牧草作物种植规划设计

Planningforasuccessfulforagecrop成功的牧草作物种植规划设计Planningconsiderations设计时的考虑:Cleanfield

清理大田PickingtheRightSeed选择正确的种子CoverCropConsiderations覆盖作物的考虑SeedbedPreparationandSeedPlacement苗床制备和播种FertilizeratEstablishment种植时施肥FieldSelection&Preparation

田间的选择和准备牧草种子比其他大多数作物种子小，苗床条件非常重要

ForageSeedsaresmallerthanmostothercropsandseedbedconditionsarecritical

播种前应处理主要的多年生杂草问题

Majorperennialweedproblemsshouldbecontrolledbeforeseeding.

注意！——这是一项长时间的投资ThisisaLongTermInvestment-TakeCare!IdealSeedBed理想的种床SeedShallow(1-1.5cm)intoaFirm,Moist,SeedBed播于浅的〔1-1.5〕坚实的、有湿度的种床Firmseedbed坚实的苗床Cultivation耕作1/4-1/2inchdeep1/4-1/2英寸的深度Effectofseedingdepthonemergence(%)

播种深度对幼苗萌发的影响牧草播种深度Fertilizer:施肥

SoilTestBeforeSeeding

播种前进行土壤测试Nitrogen(0-40lbs〕氮〔0-40磅〕primarilyrequiredforthecovercrop初期需要保护作物excessamountscoulddamagegermination超量可能影响萌发banding2-3inchesfromseedistheideal行距2-3英尺是最理想的Phosphate(50lbs)磷〔50磅〕mostimportantnutrientforestablishment是建植最重要的shouldbeappliedclosetotheseed-banded施于种子附近—行施Potassium钾appliedtosoiltestasvarieswithsoilconditions根据土壤测试结果而定veryimportantoncoarsetexturedsoils,lessforclay对结构松散的土壤非常重要，黏土较少Sulfur硫appliedtosoiltest,usesulphateformnotelementalS.根据土壤测试结果而定，施化合物而不是原子硫EffectofPhosphateonEstablishment 磷对牧草生长的影响

7WeeksafterSeeding后第7周苜蓿单株重量毫克/株土壤磷含量低土壤磷含量中SeedQuality种子质量Ideallyusepureseedwithahighgerminationpercentage种皮较厚的豆科牧草需划破种皮LegumeInoculation 豆科接种根瘤菌Inoculantappliedtolegumeseedpriortoseeding豆科牧草播种前接种根瘤菌Inoculantspecifictolegumetype不同类型接种不同种类

suchas:例如 clovers,alfalfa,trefoil苜蓿、三叶草Mostseedcompaniespretreatseedwithinoculant大多数种子公司用根瘤菌拌种NitrogenFixAnnuallybyLegumes豆科年固氮量AutotoxicityofAlfalfa 苜蓿自毒素Alfalfaplantsproduceatoxinthatcanreducethegerminationofnewseedlings

紫苜蓿可以产生一种毒素，这种毒素会影响幼苗的发芽Toxin(medicarpin)isfoundintheleaves

毒素存在叶子中watersoluble 溶于水moremobileinsandysoilthanclay 沙地要比硬地更易移动Effectoftoxindependson: 毒素的作用与以下因素有关：ageofoldstand 作物的生长期amountofresidueleftinthesoil 土壤中残笛量SeedingRates

播种率Optimumseedingrateshaveusuallybeendeterminedexperimentally通过试验确定最正确播种量Arerelatedtoseedsize与种子大小有关Shouldbeadjustedforlowgerminationrate萌发率低时调节Usuallyseed80-115seedspermetreofrow每行每米用80-115粒种子Plantmanymoreseedsthanactuallygetestablished播比建植种子多的种子SeedingRates播种率IdealSeedsplantedshouldbe:理想的播种应该是：25to35seedsperft.ofrow(80-115perm)每排每英尺25—35粒〔即每米80—115粒〕Mixtures&SeedingRates

混合播种及播种率Purestands

单一作物areforsinglepurposeusesuchasalfalfaforcashhaymarket象紫苜蓿—种植牧草来出售的经济目的dryareaswherecompetitioniscritical在各种作物争活较强的贫脊的干旱地区Mixtures混合播种providesanoptionforforagestoadapttodifferentconditionssuchasdroughtorwetperiodsorgrazingpressure使得草场能够适应各种不同条件，如干旱或雨涝GuidelinesforForageMixtures

牧草混播指南Pastures草场sufficientspeciestoadapttosoilandclimate 有适应该草场土壤和气候的足够的品种minimumof20%legumeinmixture 至少20%的豆科牧草HayorSilage干草或青贮饲料Majorproductivespecies80%oftotal(alfalfa) 80%的高产主要草种Otherspeciestoimprovepalatability,adapttosoil,climateorimprovecuringofthehay 其它品种用来提高适应性和其对土壤、 气候的适应能力或改进干草干化ExampleForageMixture

牧草混播举例

foradequatemoistureandclayloamsoil在土壤湿润的硬地上

Legume Pasture Hay kg/ha(Seeds/sq.ft)kg/haSeeds/sq.ft) Alfalfa 1(2.06) 7(14.4) Trefoil 1(3.87)Grass MeadowBrome 5 (7.34) 4(5.87) TallFescue 3 (7.02) Timothy1(11.00)1(11.01)

Totalkg/ha

1112

Seeds/sq.ft(31.3) (31.28)TimeofSeeding

播种时间SpringSeeding春季播种idealtime最好的时间cool,moistconditionsidealforgermination寒冷、湿度适宜萌发SummerSeeding夏季播种 -onlyifadequatemoisture只有在湿度适宜时Fallseeding -canbeverysuccessfulDormantseeding休眠/秋季播种seededlatesothatnogerminationfall延迟播种，以便无种子在秋季萌发maygetfrostkillifgerminatestooearly如萌发过早易导致霜冻canworkwellwithdirectseedingintostubble直接播种效果也好SeedingEquipmentOptions

播种机械的选择CommercialFertilizerequipmentcanbeusedtoevenlyspreadsmallforageseeds商业的施肥机具可用于撒匀小牧草种子Seedmixedintankwithfertilizer种子在罐中与化肥混播Largeseed(brome)mixedwithfertilizer,smallerseedinmicrobox大粒种子〔雀麦草〕与化肥混播，小种子在校排种葙Seedrolledorpressedin-harrowsmayplacetoodeep用耙地机镇压种子可能会太深PneumaticApplicators使用气力播种机BroadcastSmallSeedsVeryAccurately非常精确的播种小粒种子No“skipping〞没有空播WorkwellforBlendsorsinglecrops单一品种或多个品种混合都可以Rentalrates-75centsto$1.00peracre租金-0.75分到1.0加元SpinSpreaderApplication使用旋转撒播机CanworktoBroadcastseed/fertilizer可以种子/化肥一起撒播Costeffectiveandfast菲永胜而且快Lighter(lessdense)seed(Grasseed)willflyshorterdistancesthanalfalfa轻的种子〔不太密实〕〔草种〕比苜蓿飞的远ResultsinMisses导致有漏播Seedrolledorpressedin-harrowsmayplacetoodeep用耙地机镇压种子可能会太深Rollers 滚式播种机Idealforshallowplacement 是理想的浅播机具Ridgedrollersarebetterthansmoothduetolesserosion脊状滚式播种机 平滑式的好,因为造成的水土流失少Harrowing耙地BeforeSeeding在播种前Usedto“Firmup〞verymellowseedbeds通常是“坚实〞非常松软的苗床Improvesseedplacementandcontrolofseeddepth改善播种质量，控制播种深度Harrowing耙地AfterSeedPlacement在播种后EffectivetoCoverSeed 有效的覆盖种子SetAggressivenessofthetinesbasedonhowdeeptheseedisbeingplaced根据种子的播种深度确定齿尖的侵入深度Aggressiveinveryfirmseedbeds 侵入非常坚实的苗床CompanionCropOptions

保护作物的选择NoCompanionCrop无保护作物mayobtain1-2cutsintheseedingyear一年可刈割1-2次seedlingsmoreexposedtowind,soilcrusting,weedcompetition种子暴露于风、土壤板结及杂草的竞争CompanionCrops(competition)有保护作物Cereals:wheat,oats,barley,fallrye??谷物：小麦、燕麦、大麦急秋黑麦Canola,flax油菜、胡麻Warmseasonannualseg:millet暖季一年生作物：如小米CompanionCropManagement

保护作物的管理Companioncropswillprovideprotectionfornewseedlingsfromwind,soilcrusting,drying保护作物保护幼苗免受风吹、土壤板结及干旱Reduceseedingrate减少幼苗30-50%ofnormal通常的30-50%Removeatheading(forage)tolimitcompetition割去顶端以减少竞争Selectacompanioncropt