跨文化交流学课后答案

interculuralcommunication:

isaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalback-ground,

intraculturalcommunication:

canbedefinedastheextenttowhichthereissharedinterpersonalcommunication

betweenofthesameculture----whetherthisisinthemajority,orwithinminority

cultures

hostculture:isthemainstreamcultureofanyoneparticularcountry.

minorityculture:

istheculturalgroupsthataresmallerinnumericaltermsinrelationtothehostculture,

subculture:isasmaller,possiblynonconformist,subgroupwithinthehostculture.

multiculturalism:

istheofficialrecognitionofacountry'sculturalandethnicdiversity

cross-culturalcommunication:

isaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenrepresentativesofbusiness,governmentand

professionalgroupsfromdifferentcultures.

perception:

isaninternalprocesswherebyweconventthephysicalenergiesoftheworldinto

meaningfulinternalexperiences

Individualism:

referstothedoctrinethattheinterestsoftheindividualareoroughttobeparamount,

andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals.Itemphasizesindividual

initiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.

collectivism:

meansgrateremphasison(l).theviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupratherthan

oneself.(2)socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortoget

pleasure.(3)beliefssharedwiththein-group,ratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishself

fromin-group.

powerdistance:it'stheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationship,

institutions,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.

context:

it'stheinformationthatsurroundsanevent.Itisinextricablyboundupwiththe

meaningoftheevent.

high-contextcommunication:

itisakindofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyinthe

person.Whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage.

low-contextculture:

itisakindofcultureinwhichthepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetends

tocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.

activityorientation:

itisthewayacultureviewsactivity,whichisclassifiedbyKluckhohns

high-contextculture:

itisakindofcultureinwhichpeopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardto

experience,informationnetworks,andthelike.

low-contextcommunication:

itisjusttheoppositeofhigh-contextcommunication.Itisthemassofinformationis

restedintheexplicitcode

Nonverbalcommunication:

Involvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedby

boththesourceandhisorherusedoftheenvironmentandthathavepotential

messagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.

Paralanguage:

referstotherate,pitchandvolumequalitiesofthevoice,whichinterruptor

temporarilytaketheplaceofspeechandaffectthemeaningofamessage

M-time(MonochromeTimeSchedule)

M-timeculturestendtothinkoftimeassomethingfixedinnature,somethingaround

usandfromwhichwecannotescape;anever-presentpartoftheenvironment,just

liketheairwebreathe.

P-time

P-timeculturesdealwithtimeholisticallyandplacegreatstockintheactivityatthe

moment.

l.whyisthestudyofinterculturalconmranicationveryimportant?

Withthedevelopmentofnewtechnologyandinformationsystems,changesinthe

world'spopulationandashiftintheworld'seconomicarena,thestudyofintercu

communicationisgettingmoreandmoreimportant.Firsttechnologyhasaccelerated

interculturalcontactbyspurringdevelopmentintwoareasofhumanendeavor:

transportationsystemsandcommunicationsystems.Second,therapidincreaseinthe

world'spopulationhasalsopromotedtheinterculturalcommunication.Third

changesintheinternationalbusinesscommunityhavecompelledChinatoreexamine

herbusiness.

2.Whatisfundamentaltoourapproachtointerculturalcommunication?

Fundamentaltoourapproachtointerculturalcommunicationisbeliefthatall

formsofhumancommunicationinvolveaction.Putinslightlydifferentterms,

communicationisanactivitythataffectsusandotherpeople.Whetherweare

generatingasreceivingwordsormovements,wearecreatingandproducingaction.

Therefore,anystudyofcommunicationmustincludeinformationaboutthechoices

wemakeinselectingourmessages,plusadiscussionoftheconsequencesofthose

choice.

3.Whatarethehazardsofstudyinginterculturalcommunication?

overgeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefsweusetocategorizeofpeoplearethe

hazardsofstudyinginterculturalcommunication.Whenwestudyintercultural

communicationweshouldtakecorrectmethodsandphilosophicalpointofviews.We

cannotassumethatallthepeoplearefundamentallythesame,orbelievethatsome

culturesarebetterthanothers,ormakeassumptionsthatcultureissimplybasedon

people'snationality.Thereforeifwearenotabletohaveacorrectunderstandingof

otherculturesorifwejusthaveastereotypeofotherculturesandbelievein

ethnocentrism,wearesuretofailininterculturalcommunication.Inaword,the

hazardsofstudyinginterculturalcommunicationareovergeneralizingandforgetting

howcomplexthenatureofhumanbehavioris.

1Whyisitimportanttoincludeunintentionalityinadefeinitionofintercultural

communicatioii.

Communicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorastheresidueof

behavior.Behaviorcanbeintentionalorunintentional.Whenonepersondeliberately

attemptstoconveymeaningtoanother,heintentionallysendsmessagetochangeor

modifythebehaviorofotherpeople,andthereforeheselectshiswordsoractions

withsomedegreeofconsciousness.Howeversometimesmessagesareconveyed

intentionally.Forexample,theseeminglyinnocentactsofshowingthesolesofyour

feettoastrangerinKoreaortouchingawomanyouareintroducedtoinSandiArabia

coldsendnegativemessagesevenifthesenderofthemessagedoesnotexpecthisor

heractiontobecommunicated.Soitisimportanttoincludeunnitentionalityina

definitionofinterculturalcommunication.

2characteristicsofcommunicationinclude:

nodirectmind-to-mindcontact,wecanonlyinfercommunicationissymbolic,

time-bindinglinksustogether,weseektodefinetheworld,

communicationhasaconsequencecommunicationisdynamic

communicationiscontextualcommunicationisselfreflective

3Peoplearealike(1)peopleareidenticalinnumerousphysiologicalandchemical

ways(2)peoplealsoseekemotionalpleasureandfleeinjurytoourfeelings(3)all

peoplemusteventuallyfacefourfundamentalPeoplearedifferent:thisbeliefis

predicatedonthesimplefactthatpeopleexperienceoftheworldisinternal.

Inaword,acommonbeginning,anatomy,gender,age,cultureandthelikemaybind

us,butourisolatedmindsanduniqueexperiencekeepusapart.Cultrualdifferences

alsokeepusapart.Whilethefourphilosophicalissuesofdeathm,isolation,freechoice

andmeaningconfronteveryone,theresolutionswedecideuponhavetheirrootsdeep

ineachculture.Sointerculturalcommunicationexistswheneverpeoplefromdifferent

culturescommunicatewitheachother.

4.Wereyourinferencescorrect?Howdoyouknow?

MisswangandmisszhangaregoodfriendstheofengoshoppingtogetheronSunday.

OneSunday,misswangsaystomisszhangTodayisSundayandmisszhang

responds:OKletgo.Fromtheirshortdialogue,wecaninferthatmisswangisasking

misszhangtogoshoppingandmisszhangacceptsmisswang'sproposal.According

totheinferentialapproachtocommunication,linguisticcommunicationissuccessful

whenthehearer,uponhearinganexpresspeakerandthehearershareasystemof

inferentialstrategiesleadingfromtheutterancesofanexpressiontothehearer9s

recognitionofthespeaker'scommunicativeintent,soweansayourinferenceis

correct.

whattheaimofintegratingcultureintothelanguageclassroom?

theaimofintegratingcultureintothelanguageclassroomistodevelopboth

teacher'sandstudent'sabilitytoidentifyareasofpossiblemisunderstandingin

interculturalcommunicationsoastoavoidmiscommunication.itisalsotodevelop

skillsallowingparticipantsinasituationtorecognizewhenmiscommunicationhas

occurred,toanalyzeitsprobablecauseandthereforetoattempttorepair.onecannot

learnalanguagewellwithoutlearningitsculture,becauselanguageandcultureare

inextricablylinked.

whatdoyoudefinecultureas?

(DanielBatesandFredPlogpointoutthat,cultureisasystemofshared

beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeir

worldandwithoneanother,andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthrough

learning.therefore,wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,

Attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsofuniverse

andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerations

throughindividualandgroupstriving.

Whatdoesthemodelofinterculturalcommunicationdemonstrates?

demonstratestheinfluenceofcultureonindividuals,andtheproblemsinherentin

theproductionandinterpretationofinterculturalmessages.cultureisonefactor

influencinghowweperceiveandinteractwiththeworld.Althoughcultureisthe

dominantforceshapinganindividualwithinanyculture,peoplevarytosomeextent

fromeachother,whenamessageitistointerpreted,themeaningisgainmodified,

therecanbeawidevariationofinterculturalcommunicationduetocultural

differences.

1Communication(occurs)whenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviororthe

residueofbehavior.

2AUcommunicationhavesevencomponents:

Thesource,encoding,themessage,thechannel,thereceiver,decoding,feedback

3TheInferentialModelofcommunicationproposesfourpresumptions

linguisticpresumption,communicativepresumption,

presumptionofliteralness.conversationalpresumption

4fiveaspects

1relevance2sincerity3truthfulness4quantity5quality5Message

modelcannotaccountfor:

1disambiguation2underdeterminationofreference3underdeterminationof

communicativeintent4nonliterality5indirction6noncommunicativeacts.

l.Theworldisaconfusingplace(explain)theworld(reduces)confusion.

2.sixcharacteristics(learned)(transmittedfromgenerationtogeneration)

(basedonsymbols)(subjecttochange)(integrated)(Ethnocentric)

3.o