讲义参考文稿lecture 1 the american legal system answers

Lecture1TheAmericanLegalSourcesofHowmanymajorsourcesoflawarethereintheU.S?Andwhatarethey?theconstitution,thecommonlaw,thelawofequity,thestatutorylaw,andtherulingsofvariousexecutiveandadministrativebodiesandagencies.WhatisthesupremelawintheU.S.?thefederalConstitutionWhatistheearliestsourceofAnglo-Americanthecommonlaw.(developedin11th-13thcenturyaftertheNormanTheCommonWheredidthecommonlaworiginate?FromtheNormanpeople.Whythesinglesystemoflawworkedoutbyjuristsandjudgesiscalled"thecommonThesystemoflawbecamecommonthroughoutItwasalsocalledthecommonlawtodistinguishitfromtheecclesiastical(church)lawprevalentatthetime.Whatistheothernameof"thecommonlaw"?AndThecommonlawisconsidered"discoveredlaw".Whenaproblemarises,thecourt'staskistofindordiscoverthepropersolution,toseekthecommoncustomofthepeople.Thejudgedoesn'tcreatethelaw;heorshemerelyfindsit.WhichofthefollowingdidthecourtthecustomofthethecustomofthethecustomofthealloftheWhichcategoryshouldthecommonlawbelongto,theinductivesystemoflaworthedeductivesystem?theinductiveTheRoleofIftherewereaprecedenttofollow,willacourtjudgeasimilarnewcasethesamewayasitsNo.ThecourthasseveraloptionsconcerningtheformerItcanaccepttheprecedentaslawandThecourtcanmodifyorchangetheprecedent,makingitcorrespondtowhatthejudgeperceivestobecontemporarylife.Thecourtcandistinguishtheprecedentfromthecurrentcase,andclaimthattheprecedentdoesnotapply(tothepresentcase).ThecourtcanoverruletheWhichcourtcanoverruletheprecedentofastateSupremeCourt?ThestateSupremecourtitselfandtheU.S.supremecourt.Whichprecedentisbindingon约束whichDecisionsbythesupremecourtoftheU.S.ontheU.S.ConstitutionandfederallawsarebindingonallfederalandstatecourtstheU.SCourtofAppealsonfederal otherlowerfederalandcourtsinthatcircuitorThesupremecourtofanystateonthemeaningoftheconstitutionandlawsofthat stateandfederalcourtsinthatThecitation"Adderlyv.Florida,385U.S39(1966)"Thecase"Adderlyv.Florida"canbefoundonpage39ofvolume385ofthe"UnitedStatesTheLawofWhichsourceoflawisthefirstbasicsourceofthelawintheU.S?Andwhichisthesecondandthethird?1st:thecommonlaw2nd:thelawofequity.3rd:statutoryWhatarethedifferencesbetweenthecommonlawandtheequitylaw?Thedifferencesareinproceduresandremedies.In①Equitybeginswherethecommonlawleaves②Equitysuitsarenevertriedbeforea③Rulingscomeintheformofjudicialdecrees,notinjudgmentsofyesor④Decisionsinequityare(andwere)discretionaryonthepartofIn⑤Equityprovidestherestrainingorder--preventivemeasures.However,underthecommonlaw,thecourtcanonlyprovidearemedy(usu.moneydamages)aftertheharmhasStatutoryWhichorganizationcanpassstatutorylaw?Legislativebodiesofallshapesandsizes.WhataretheimportantfeaturesofstatutorylawwhenitiscomparedwithcommonStatutestendtodealwithproblemsaffectingsocietyorlargegroupsofStatutorylawcananticipateproblemsandcommonlawThecriminallawsintheU.S.areallstatutoryStatutorylawiscollectedincodesandlaw17.17.WhatroledoestheyonthesubjectofstatutoryStatutoryconstruction,i.e.,courts einvolvedintheprocessofdeterminingwhatthatlawWhatarethecommonpurposesoftheconstitutionsinthetheyprovidethenfortheestablishmentandorganizationof theyoutlinetheduties,reponsibilities,andpowersofthevariouselementsoftheyusuallyguaranteecertainbasicrightstotheWhyconstitutionsareregardedasthemostimportantsourceofU.S.Becausethepoplehaveanunusuallydirectvoiceintheapprovalandchangeofaunconstitutionl ThelawmightbeadirectrestrictiononspeechorpressthatisprotectedbytheFirst Acriminalobscenitystatuteoranotherkindofcriminallawmightbedeclaredunconstitutionalbecauseitistoovague.ItviolateswhatisknownastheoverbreadthWhatisthefirstadministrativeagency,andwhyitwasRegulationoftherailroadsthattraversedthenationcreatednumerousproblemsinthelate19thcentury.SincequestionsconcerninguseoftheserailroadsfellwithinthecommercepoweroftheCongress,thatdeliberativebodywasgiventhetaskofresolvingthiscomplexissue.Todealwiththeseproblems,Congresscreatedthefirstadministrativeagency,theICC.UnderwhatcircumstancescancourtoverturnarulingmadebyadministrativeiftheoriginalactthatestablishedthecommissionorgencyisifthecommissionoragencyexceedsitsIfthecommissionoragencyviolatesitsownIfthereisnoevidentiarybasiswhatsoevertosupporttheWhytheabovefivesourcesoflawaremostlysignificanttoAmericanmediaFirstAmendmentproblemsfallunderthepurviewofconstitutionalObscenitylawsintheU.S.arestatutoryTheregulationofbroadcastingandadvertisingfallsprimarilyunderthejurisdictionofadministrativeagencies.Thejudicialsystem司法体系Drawafigure(图表)toshowthestructureofAmericanjudicialsystemaccordingtothedescriptionofthematerial.FactsVersustheWhatarethedifferencebetweentrialcourtsandappellateTrialcourtsarefact-findingAppellatecourtsarelaw-reviewingWhatarethedifferencebetweenthefactsandtheThefactsarewhathappened.ThelawiswhatshouldbedonwbecauseoftheWhatwilltheappellatecourtsdowhennewevidenceisfoundoranewwitnesscomesforthtotestify?Iftheappellatecourtbelievesthatthenewevidenceisimportant,itcanorderanewtrial.Howerver,thecourtitselfdoesnotheartheevidence.ThesefactsaredevelopedatanewTheFederalCourtDoestheCongresshavetheauthoritytoabolishtheSupremeCourtsoftheNo.TheCongresshastheauthoritytoabolisheveryfederalcourtintheland,savetheSupremeCourtoftheU.S..Whatisthejurisdiction司法权限ofthefederalCasesthatariseundertheU.S.Constitution,U.S.law,andU.S.treatiesCasesthatinvolvecontroversiesbetweencitizensofdifferentHowmanyJusticesarethereinthesupremecourtoftheU.S.?Nine.OneChiefJusticeoftheU.S.,eightassociatejusticesWhatestablishestheoriginalandappellatejurisdictions(初审与上诉管辖权)oftheSupremeCourtoftheU.S.respectively?TheConstitutionestablishesitsoriginalTheappellatejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourtisestablishedbytheCongress,notbytheHowmanywaysaretherethatacasewillcomebeforetheSupremeCourtoftheU.SforOnadirctappealorbywayofawritof Thecertificationprocessisathirdwayforacasetogettothehighcourt,butthisprocessisrarelyusedtoday.Define“concurringopinion”(同意意见)and“dissenting 意见Ajusticeinagreementwiththemajoritywhocannotbeconvincetojoininbakcingthecourt’sopinionhastheoptionofwritingwhatiscallaconcurringopinion.Justiceswhodisagreewiththemajoritycanalsowriteanopinion,eitherindividuallyorasa scan (执行)decisionofthecourt?Courtshavenorealwaytoendecisionsandmustdependonotherernmentageniesforen mentoftheirrulings.Thejobnormallyfallstotheexecutivebranch.Thereisone thatusuallyworkstoseethatcourtdecisionsarecarriedout:Itisthat calledpublicopinionorwhatpoliticalscientistscall“legitimacy.”HowcanafederaljudgebeappointedandAllfederaljudgesareappointedbytheandmustbeconfirmedbytheSenate.Theonlywayafederaljudgecanberemovedisbyimpea TheStateCourtInwhichcourtisajurymostpossiblyAjuryismostlikelytobefoundinthetrialcourtofgeneralCantheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesinterpretthestateconstitutionforastatesupremecourt?Why?No.Thehighcourtofastateisthefinalauthorityregardingtheconstructionofsta