2023年研究生考试工商管理硕士(MBA)英语（二）题库

2023年研究生考试工商管理硕士(MBA)英语（二）题库卷I一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共50题)1.Twotothreetimesmorepeopledieinalcohol-relatedvehiclecrashesduringthattimethanduringcomparableperiodstherestoftheyear,theNationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholismsays.And40%oftrafficfatalitiesduringwinterholidaysinvolvedanalcohol-impaireddriver,comparedwith28%forotherdatesinDecember.

Fuelingtheunderagedrinkingproblem,especiallyatthistimeoftheyear,is"acombinationofgreateraccesstoalcohol,lessparentaloversightandmixedmessages"aboutcelebratingwithalcohol,Delanysays.Youngpeoplearetold"don'tdrink,don'tdothat,butineverythirdcommercialinrecentweeks,weseesomethinglinkedtoalcoholanddrinking,"hesays.Andthere'salsotheissueof"whatkindofmessageparentsmaygive,"Delanyadds."Maybethey'redrinkingalot.Kidsseethatit'sOK."Whatisneededisalong-termmessage"thatunderagedrinkingisnotOK,"hesays.

"Butadolescentsdon'tdowellwith'Justsayno.'Wehavetofindwaystohelpyoungpeoplemakegooddecisions."2.Afterworking36-hourshiftsasaresidentinorthopaedicsurgery,TarynRoseknewalotaboutsorefeet.Butunlikemostofhercolleagues,sheturnedherpainintoprofit.TodaysheisCEOofTarynRoseInternational,a$28millioncompanythatmakeschic,andcomfortable,shoes.

AVietnameserefugeewhomovedtotheUnitedStateswhenshewasjusteight,Roseassumedshe'dfollowinthefootstepsofherphysicianfather.Forawhile,shedid,gettinghermedicaldegreefromtheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaandoptingforgruellingtraininginorthopaedicsurgery.

Butwhenthetimecametoapplyforpost-residentialfellowships,Rosefoundherheartwasnolongerinmedicine."Ifeltlikeapartofme,thepartthatlovestolearnnewthings,thatlikesadventure,wouldbedying."

Rosehadalwayslovedshoes,especiallyhighheels.Whenherfellowresidentsheadedhomeafterlonghoursontheirfeet,"IwouldmakemywaytoNeimanMarcusforsomeretailtherapy,"shesays.Whatif,shewondered,shegaveuphercareertolearnhowtomakestylishshoesthatcouldstanduptoaday'swork?3.Direction:

Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting，youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

4.Ourhypothesisisthatimmigrants,whooftendonotspeakthelanguageanddonotmasterthecultureandnormsofthehostcountry,areconcentratedinmoremanual-routinetasks(especiallyamonglesseducatedgroups).Theinflowofimmigrantsthusincreasesthesupplyofmanualskillsrelativetothesupplyofabstractskillswithtwoeffects:

●Duetothecomplementaritybetweenthesetypesofskills,theincreaseinthesupplyofmanualtasksboostsrelativecompensationforcomplexskills,makingthembetterpaid.

●Exploitingtheircomparativeadvantage,nativesmovetooccupationsrequiringarelativelyhigherleveloftheseskills.

Thispositivereallocationandthecomplementarityoftaskscanexplainthelackofnegativeemploymenteffectsaswellasthepotentialpositivewageeffectsofimmigrationonnativeworkers.

Sohere'showitallshakesout.Low-skilledimmigrationreduceseconomicinequalitywhenwesetasidenationalistassumptionsandfocusonpeopleinsteadofpopulations.Evenifweclingtoanalyticalandmoralnationalism,low-skilledimmigrationdoesn'thappentoincreasemeasuredinequality.Onthecontrary,complementariesbetweentheskillsofmigrantandnativeworkerscanleavenativesbetteroffthantheywouldhavebeenwithlessimmigration.5.Winningisoftentheresultofpersistence,ofnotgivingupwhenyourgoalappearstobeinjeopardy."Whenyouadopttheattitudethatifyoudosomethingitwillmakeadifference,that'sconfidence,"RosabethMossKanter,authorofthebestsellingbookConfidencesays."Lookatyoursituationandthinkofyourselfasbeinginthemiddleofit.Thestoryisrarelyover,evenwhenthegreatmajoritythinkitis—somethingeverysportsfanknows."

KickerAdamVinatierihelpedtheNewEnglandPatriotsfootballteamdefeattheMiamiDolphins27—24onDecember29,2002,whenhekickeda42-yardfieldgoalinthefinalseconds,aftermanyspectatorshadalreadygotupfromtheirseatstomaketheirwayoutofthestadium.Thiseventgotfanssaying,"It'snotoveruntilVinatierikicks."Sureenough,inthe2004SuperBowl,Vinatierikickedthegame-winningpointsforthePatriotsinthefinalfewseconds.

Certainly,therewillstillbemomentsandsituationsthatjustaren'tgoingtogoyourway,andthisisthetimewhenconfidenceneedstobetemperedbyrealism.Ifyoubelieveinyourselfsostronglythatyouactrashly,confidencecanactuallymakeyou"stupid".

Sohandleitwithcare—anduseyourconfidencewisely.6.Inmyopinion,wearelivingonborrowedtime.Wehave3or4days'worthoffoodinthecity.Andifthatfoodsupplyisdisrupted,we'llbeinalotoftrouble.Weshouldhavesomethinginthecitythatreplacesthisverytenuousfoodsupplyanditshouldbegrowinginthecity.

Thebulkoftheworld'spopulationaregoingtobeurbanandaregoingtobelivinginhigh-riseaccommodation.Howdoyoumakesustainablelivingsolutionsfortherealworld?

Bytheyear2050,over3/4oftheworld'spopulationisexpectedtoliveincities.Thetrendtowardsurbanizationisgreaternowthanatanytimeinhistory.Andaspopulationgrows,itposesauniqueproblem:howbesttogrowfoodandsupplyittothecities?Wearelookingattheexcitingandunconventionalfieldofagriculture,thatisverticalfarming.ItcouldradicallychangetheviewacrosstheThameshereinLondon.7.Direction:SupposeyourcousinLiMinghasjustbeenadmittedtoauniversity.Writehim/heraletterto

(1)congratulatehim/her,and

(2)givehim/hersuggestionsonhowtogetpreparedforuniversitylife.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"ZhangWei"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.8.AhugeproportionoftheIranianbudgetisspentonsubsidizingawiderangeofgoodsforIranianconsumersfromfoodtorefinedpetroleum.PresidentAhmadinejadhasbeenproposingabigcutinthatsubsidy.Hisargumentisthatitshouldbereplacedwithcashhandoutstothemostneedy.ButtheIranianparliamentisworriedthatMrAhmadinejad'sproposalcouldincreaseinflationtoanannualfigureofupto50%.Somembersofparliamenthavehalvedtheproposedcuts.There'sconcernthatadramaticriseinpricescouldprovokeanewroundofunrestandperhapsleadthepoorerclassestogivemoreactivesupporttotheopposition.There'realsosuspicionsthattherealmotiveforthesubsidycutistomakeupforabudgetshortfall.Clearfiguresarehardtogetholdof,butitseemsthatMrAhmadinejad'sgovernmentfailedtobuildupanysubstantialcashreserveswhenoilpriceswereatrecordlevels.ForyearsIranianshavebeensufferingmultipleeconomicproblemsincludinginflationatorabove2%.BlameisplacedeitheronMrAhmadinejad'seccentricmanagementofIran'sfinancesoroninternationalsanctionsoracombinationofboth.Withnewsanctionsactivelyunderdiscussion,thesituationisnotabouttogetanyeasier.9.WhenChrisLee'swifegotajobtransferfromtheUStoHongKonglastyear,theseniorprojectmanagerforawebmarketingfirmdecidedhewouldnotworkfull-timeanymoreandwouldstayathomewiththekids:twogirlsagedthreeandone.Withhiswifebringinghomethebacon,Leetookthechallengeofbeingwiththekidsatalltimes.

"Itisdefinitelyrewardinghavingasuccessfulcareerinthebusinessworldwhereyouareappreciatedbyemployers,customers,andco-workers,"hesays."Butitismorerewardingwatchingthekidsgrowandseeingallthechangestheygothroughonadailybasis."

ManyfathersaroundtheworldarestartingtoagreewithLee.Thetimefathersspendwiththeirchildrenhasincreasedconsiderablysincethe1970s,expertssay.Today'sdadsseematotclosertotheirkidsthanthedadsofpreviousgenerations.Withthesechanges,fathersaresuddenlyahottopicwithresearchers.Everything—fromtheirsweatglandstotheirplayhabits—isunderthemicroscope.10.Direction:SupposeyouaregoingtostudyabroadandshareanapartmentwithJohn,alocalstudent.Writehimanemailto

(1)tellhimaboutyourlivinghabits,and

(2)askforadviceaboutlivingthere.11.Directions:

YouaregoingtotakepartinMBAexam.WritealetterofinquirytothedeanofManagementSchooltoinquireabout:

1)thesubjectstobeexamed;

2)thenumberofstudentstobeenrolled;

3)otherthingsyoushouldpayattentionto.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.12.Directions:

InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese,writeyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET.

Theterm"businessmodel"firstcameintowidespreadusewiththeinventionofpersonalcomputerandthespreadsheet(空白表格程序).Beforethespreadsheet,businessplugusuallymeantproducingasingleforecast.Atbest,youdidalittlesensitivityanalysisaroundtheprojection.Thespreadsheetusheredinamuchmoreanalyticapproachtoplanningbecauseeverymajorlineitemcouldbepulledapart,itscomponentsandsubcomponentsanalyzedandtested.Youcouldaskwhat-ifquestionsaboutthecriticalassumptionsonwhichyourbusinessdepended,forexample,whatifcustomersaremoreprice-sensitivethanwethought?Andwithafewkeystrokes,youcouldseehowanychangewouldplayoutoneveryaspectofthewhole.Inotherwords,youcouldmodelthebehaviorofabusiness.Beforethecomputerchangedthenatureofbusinessplanning,mostsuccessfulbusinessmodelswerecreatedmorebyaccidentthanbyelaboratedesign.Byenablingcompaniestotietheirmarketplaceinsightsmuchmoretightlytotheresultingeconomics,spreadsheetmadeitpossibletomodelbusinessbeforetheywerelaunched.13.Informationgiventoemployeesmustbe______,clearandineasy-to-followlanguage.A.convenientB.continuousC.constantD.concise14.Youareaskedtowritearecommendationletterofyourstudent,LiMing,forapositionofadministratorinacompany.Addressittothemanagerandexpressyourreason(s)clearly.

Writetheletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheletter.Use"WangHua"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.15.Whenapsychologistdoesageneralexperimentaboutthehumanmind,heselectspeople______andasksthemquestions.A.ateaseB.atrandomC.inessenceD.insum16.Jenniferhasneverreally______herson'sdeath.It'sveryhardtoacceptthefacethatshe'llneverhaveachild.A.cometotermswithB.comeupagainstC.comeoutwithD.comedownto17.Directions:

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

Youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

18.Thesupermarketisdesignedtolurecustomersintospendingasmuchtimeaspossiblewithinitsdoors.Thereasonforthisissimple:Thelongeryoustayinthestore,themorestuffyou'llsee,andthemorestuffyousee,themoreyou'llbuy.Andsupermarketscontainalotofstuff.Theaveragesupermarket,accordingtotheFoodMarketingInstitute,carriessome44,000differentitems,andmanycarrytensofthousandsmore.Thesheervolumeofavailablechoiceis

enoughtosendshoppersintoastateofinformationoverload.Accordingtobrain-scanexperiments,thedemandsofsomuchdecision-makingquicklybecometoomuchforus.Afterabout40minutesofshopping,mostpeoplestopstrugglingtoberationallyselective,andinsteadbeginshoppingemotionally—whichisthepointatwhichweaccumulatethe50percentofstuffinourcartthatweneverintendedbuying.19.Direction:YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto

(1)expressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreceptions;

(2)welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"ZhangWei"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.20.TheideabehindOneFoundationissimple,thinkbigbythinkingsmall.StartinginChina,Lihassetouttoraiseoneyuan(15cents)fromeverypersoneachmonth.Helikensittoonebigfamilyhelpingeachotherout.

"Alltoooftenyouseepeopleexpectingotherstodipintotheirpockets,"hesays."Theyblametheirgovernment.Theysaycorporationswiththeirbigprofitsshouldbemoregenerous.ButIbelievehelpingeachotherstartswiththeindividuals.Itiseverybody'sresponsibilitytogive.Ifeveryonegivesoneyuaneverymonth,itwilladduptobillionsofdollars."

Tomakethatideaareality,OneFoundationhasteamedupwiththecorporatesector.Forexample,ChineseentrepreneurJackMa,co-founderoftheworld'sleadingB2Becommercecompanyalibaba,corn,hasagreedtoletthefoundationuseAliPay,itsonlinepaymentsystem,atnocost.Inpracticalterms,thismeansthatverysmalldonationsdon'tgetswallowedupbyprocessingfees.

LiandhisteamarestilltryingtoconvinceonlinepaymentoperatorsoutsideChinatodothesame,sotheoneyuanconceptcanbeexpandedaroundtheworld.21.Directions:YouaresupposedtowritefortheStudents'Unionanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaconferenceonaninternationaltradefair,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative.

Youshouldwriteabout100words.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"Students'Union"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.22.Directions:

Inthispart,youareallowedtowriteacompositiononthetopicSingle-ParentFamiliesintheUSA.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,basedonthefollowinginformations.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

23.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

24.WiththepopularityoftheInternet,moreandmorepeopledoshoppingonline.Serialreturnerreferstosomeonewhoregularlyordersmorethantheyneedandsendssomeoftheitemsback.Threeintenshoppersdeliberatelyover-purchaseandsubsequentlyreturnunwanteditems,withoneinfiveadmittingtoorderingmultipleversionsofthesameitemtomakeuptheirmindathome-safeintheknowledgetheycanchoosefromtheever-growingnumberofwaystoquicklyandeasilysenditemsback.

Shoppershavealsocometoexpectgoodvalueregardlessofwhetherthey'remakingapurchaseorareturn.Sixintensayaretailer'sreturnspolicyimpactstheirdecisiontomakeapurchaseonline,andalmosthalfofthesewouldnotorderanitemiftheyhadtofundthecostofsendingitbackfromtheirownpocket.Serialreturnerssaidtheywouldsendbackfewerpurchasesifbusinessesweretostandardizeclothingandshoesizes.25.Threehundredyearsagonewstravelledbywordofmouthorletter,andcirculatedintavernsandcoffeehousesintheformofpamphlets,newslettersandbroadsides.Notedoneobserver:"Thecoffeehousesparticularlyareverycommodiousforafreeconversation,andforreadingataneasierateallmannerofprintednews."Everythingchangedin1833whenthefirstmass-audiencenewspaper,theNewYorkSun,pioneeredtheuseofadvertisingtoreducethecostofnews,thusgivingadvertisersaccesstoawideraudience.Thepennypress,followedbyradioandtelevision,turnednewsfromatwo-wayconversationintoaone-waybroadcast,witharelativelysmallnumberoffirmscontrollingthemedia.

Now,thenewsindustryisreturningtosomethingclosertothecoffeehouse.Theinternetismakingnewsmoreparticipatory,social,diverseandpartisan,revivingthediscursiveethosoftheerabeforemassmedia.26.1.youreducationalbackground.

2.yourworkingexperience.

3.whydoyouthinkthatyouarecapableforthework?27.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowinggraphs.Inyouressay,youshould

1)interpretthegraphs,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150words.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

28.Bynowitiscommonknowledgethatprofessionalsaremorelikelytomarryandlesslikelytodivorcethanarelesseducatedworkers.Among20-to-49-year-oldmenin2013,56percentofprofessional,managerialandtechnicalworkersweremarried,comparedwith31percentofserviceworkers,accordingtotheAmericanCommunitySurveyoftheCensusBureau.Somepeoplearguethatthegapislargelyaresultofadeclineintraditionalvaluesamongworking-classmen,particularlywhiteswhoconstitutethemajorityofthem.Supposedlytheyarenotasindustriousinseekingemploymentasweretheirfathersandgrandfathersandsofailtosecurethesteadyjobsneededformarriage.

ButsomediggingintohistoricalcensusrecordsshowsthatsocialclassdifferencesinmarriagehavebeentiedtotheextentofincomeinequalityamongwhiteAmericansforatleast130years.Theyalsosuggestthatcommentatorswhoinsistthatthemarriagegapiswhollyamatterofvaluesarealmostsurelywrong.29.Directions.

Inthispart,youareallowedtowriteacompositiononthetopicRapidDevelopmentofTourisminChina.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

30.Weallknowthatthemostpowerfulforceinourlivesislove.Inadditiontoprovidinguswithsoul-warmingcompanionship,theemotionofloveistrulyinspiring.

Ofcourse,thefactsofourlivestellasomewhatsadstory.Wehaveaveryhardtimemakinglovelast.ThedivorcerateintheU.S.isstillaround50percent.Thatfiguredoesn'tevencoverthemanycouplesthatlivetogetherwithoutmarriageandwhoseunionsareevenmorelikelytodissolve.

Relationshipsfailbecausepeoplehavethemisconceptionaboutwhattoexpectinmarriage.Thefantasyisthateverythingwillbewonderfulaslongasyoufindtheperfectperson-yourmissinghalf.Butmarriageisateamsport.It'soneteamwithtwopeople,withtwodifferentminds.Thedifficultyisthatthesetwopeopledisagreeallthetime.Theyneedtoknownondestructivewaysofexpressingdifferencesandmustalsobepreparedfortheinevitabledisappointmentsthatcomefromlivingwithanotherperson.31.Johnwasveryupsetbecausehewas______bythepolicewithbreakingthelaw.A.sentencedB.arrestedC.accusedD.charged32.Globaltradeandtheeconomicincentivepolicesofindividualnationaleconomieswillplayanimportantroleintherecoveryfromthecurrentglobaldecline.

TheUSeconomyispromotingfromtheglobaleconomyduringthecurrentglobaldecline.Itmaynotfeellikethat,asweintheUSnowhaveaboutone-sixthofthelaborforceofficiallyunemployedorunderemployed.Butthenationalincomeaccountingisreal.Ifnotforourshrinkingtradesurplus,forexample,thefirstquarterofthisyearwouldhaveseenafallof7.9%ofGDP,insteadof5.5%.That'sabigdifferenceintermsofoutputandemployment.Countriesthatexportalotgethitharderinthedeclineastheirtradesurplusshrinks.AndcountriesthatexportsignificantamountstotheUShavealsobeenhithard.

Thisseemstoofferalessonfordevelopingcountries.It'sgoodtomakeyourtradediverse,andmaybenotbecomeexcessivelydependentonmarketswherethereareenormousassetbubbles.33.Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,

theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritain,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.

Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.AbigsurveyofIndianhouseholdsin2004foundthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-schooleducation,comparedwitharound3.3%ofallIndiansovertheageof25.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries.Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake.34.WealthyChinesetouristsareexpectedtospendabillionpoundsonluxurygoodsduringthesales.Thebooming"PekingPound"hasaccountedforalmostathirdofpost-ChristmaspurchasesofhighendgoodssuchasBurberry,Mulberry,LouisVuittonandGucci.ManyWestEndstoreshaveappointedassistantswhospeakMandarintohelpcashinonthemassivenewmarket.

RetailanalystssaidChineseshoppershavetakenoverfromRussiansandArabsasthebiggestspendersonluxuryitemsinBritain."Likeanyone,theyenjoygettingabargainsothepost-Christmassalesareinevitablyanespeciallybusyperiod."China'srapidly-growingeconomyhasgeneratedavastnewmarketforluxurygoods.ButthehightaxesleviedonimportedWesterngoodsinChinamakespurchasingtheseproductsinBritain20to30percentcheaperforthem.Theyarealsoattractedbythecachetofbuyingaluxuryitemfromitscountryoforigin.

HesaidChinesebuyersnowaccountforabout30percentoftheluxurygoodsmarketinBritain,followedbyRussians,ArabsandJapanese,withBritishshoppersmakinguponlyaround15percentofthepurchases.LuxuryfashionhouseBurberrysaysChineseshoppersmakeupnearlyathirdofthecustomersinitsLondonstores,helpingtoboostsalesbymorethanafifthin2010.35.ThefreemarketeconomyisnodoubttheprimarystimulusthathasledtotheUnitedStates'dominanceintheworldeconomiccommunity.Bynaturallyrewardingthoseproducersthatexcel,excellenceisactivelyencouragedandthosethatinefficientlyproducegoodsorservicesareeliminated;thus,theeconomybecomesaself-sustainingandself-maintainingmachine,consistentlyandconstantlyachievingthebestpossibleresult.

Thefreemarketeconomyisentirelybasedontheprincipleofsupplyanddemand.Underthisconcept,consumersdecideforthemselveswhichcompanieswillstayinbusiness,votingwiththeirdollarsbyspendingonthosebusinessestheyconsidermostworthy.Bydoingso,thosecompaniesthatarebestliked,ormostindemand,aregrantedtheprivilegeofsupplyingthegoodsandservicesthatconsumerspayfor.Inthatsense,efficiencyisachieved.Forthosecompaniesthatbestperformtotheexpectationsofconsumersareleftprosperousinthemarket,whiletheirlessefficientcounterpartssimplydieoutofthemarket,starvedofthedollarsofconsumerswhosimplyprefernottobuytheirproducts.36.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowinggraph.Inyouressay,youshould

1)interpretthegraph,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

2001年～2015年中国留学回国人数

37.Mostpeopleknowhowtocount,butthewaywemasterthisabilityremainssomethingofapuzzle.Numeralswereinventedonlyaroundfourtofivethousandyearsago,meaningitisunlikelythatenoughtimehaselapsedforspecializedpartsofthebrainforprocessingnumberstoevolve,whichsuggeststhatmathislargelyaculturalinvention.Itappearstobebasedonaninterfacebetweenvisionandreasoningthatwesharewithotheranimals,allowingusto"see"smallnumbers—uptoaroundfive—withoutcounting.Thisability—oftencalled'thenumbersense'—laysthefoundationsoflatermathematicalknowledge,butitsbasisispoorlyunderstood.Ithasbeenarguedthatthenumbersenseitselfmayheinnate,butthisfailstoaccountforwhylearningtomastertheuseofsmallnumbersissuchadifficultanddrawn-outprocessinchildren.38.Sincethe______ofhumanhistory,humanbeingshavebeenaskingquestionslike"Whatistheessenceoflife."A.duskB.dustC.twinkleD.dawn39.Livingstandardshavesoaredduringthetwentiethcentury,andeconomistsexpectthemtocontinuerisinginthedecadesahead.Doesthatmeanthatwehumanscanlookforwardtoincreasinghappiness?

Notnecessarily,warnsRichardEasterlin,aneconomistattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,inhisnewbook.Heconcedesthatricherpeoplearemorelikelytoreportthemselvesasbeinghappythanpoorerpeopleare.ButsteadyimprovementsintheAmericaneconomyhavenotbeenaccompaniedbysteadyincreasesinpeople'sself-assessmentsoftheirownhappiness.Theexplanationforthisparadoxmaybethatpeoplebecomeslesssatisfiedovertimeswithagivenlevelofincome.InEasterlin'swords,"Asincomesrise,theaspirationleveldoestoo,andtheeffectofthisincreaseinaspirationistoweakentheexpectedgrowthinhappinessduetohigherincome."40.MyDream

Mydreamhasalwaysbeentoworksomewhereinanareabetweenfashionandpublishing.Twoyearsbeforegraduatingfromsecondaryschool,ItookasewinganddesigncoursethinkingthatIwouldmoveontoafashiondesigncourse.However,duringthatcourseIrealizedthatIwasnotgoodenoughinthisareatocompetewithothercreativepersonalitiesinthefuture,soIdecidedthatitwasnottherightpathforme.BeforeapplyingforuniversityItoldeveryonethatIwouldstudyjournalism,becausewritingwas,andstillis,oneofmyfavoriteactivities.But,tobeabsolutelyhonest,Isaidit,becauseIthoughtthatfashionandmetogetherwasjustadream—Iknewthatnoone,apartfrommyself,couldimaginemeinthefashionindustryatall!41.42.1)introduceyourselfandyourpurpose

2)explainthetypeofholidayyouwant

3)

askfornecessarytravelinformation

Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.43.Davidlikescountrylifeandhasdecidedto______farming.A.goinforB.gobackonC.goalongwithD.gothroughwith44.Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchartinyourwriting,yousho