新世纪大学英语综合教程2

新世纪⼤学英语综合教程2Unit8课堂笔记及课后练习答案Doyouknowanyproverbsoroldsayingsconcerningadversity?Herearesomeforyourreference.1.Adversitymakesamanwise,notrich.逆境增才⼲，并不增财富。2.Thefireisthetestofgold;adversityofstrongmen.烈⽕炼真⾦，逆境炼壮⼠。3.Sweetaretheusesofadversity.祸兮福之所倚。4.Hardshipdisposesmantomeetadversity.艰苦能让⼈适应逆境。5.Itiswiseeveninadversitytolistentoreason.灾难中听从理性的召唤也是明智的。6.Agenuinefriendwillnotdesertyouintimeofadversity.真正的朋友不会在患难时弃你⽽去。I.UsefulWordsandExpressions（TextA）1.classicn.:acreationofthehighestexcellence古典作品,杰作Dickens'ATaleofTwoCitiesisaliteraryclassic.狄更斯的《双城记》是⽂学名著。adj.ofthehighestqualityorclassandesp.servingasamodel,standard,orperfectrepresentativeofaparticulartype第⼀流的,最优秀的,古典的Thetemplehasbeenconsideredanexampleofclassicdesign.⼈们认为这座神庙是古典式设计的范例。2.cradlen.:1)ababybedwithsidesandrockers摇篮；2)wheresomethingoriginatedorwasnurturedinitsearlyexistence发源地stifleinthecradle把...扼杀在摇篮⾥(防患于未然)Theseaisthoughttohavebeenthecradleoflife.⼈们认为海洋曾经是⽣命的发源地。3.abusen.cruelorinhumanetreatment;improperorexcessiveuse滥⽤，恶习；Ididn'texpecthimtodescendtopersonalabuse.我没料到他会堕落到对我进⾏⼈⾝攻击的地步。Thegovernmenthassetupaworkingpartytolookintotheproblemofdrugabuse.政府已成⽴⼯作组调查滥⽤毒品问题。v.treatbadly;usewronglyorimproperlyorexcessively滥⽤,辱骂,虐待Hispoliticalreputationwastaintedbyhisabuseofthepower.他因滥⽤职权⽽破坏了政治声誉。It'seasytoabuseone'spower.⼈容易滥⽤权⼒。4.hauloneselfupbyone’s(own)bootstraps靠⾃⼰奋⽃⽽取得成功，⽩⼿起家Paleyhadthecheektosaythathewasoneofthosewhohadpulledthemselvesupbytheirownbootstraps.佩利厚颜⽆耻地说，他属于靠⾃⼰努⼒⽽⽩⼿起家的那⼀类⼈。Hehadtopullhimselfupbyhisownbootstraps.他得⾃励⾃强。5.inthedepthof在...⾥⾯，在...深处Welivedinthedepthofthecountry.我们当时住在内地。Thiscreaturelivesinthedepthoftheocean.这种⽣物⽣活在海洋深处。6.outspokenadj.characterizedbydirectnessinmannerorspeech;withoutsubtletyorevasion直⾔⽆讳的,坦率的,坦⽩⽆隐的Hewasoutspokeninhiscriticism.他在批评中直⾔不讳。Hisoutspokenremarksmadehimaneasytargetfortheopposition.他那番直⾔不讳的⾔语使他成了反对派的主要抨击对象。7.unyieldingadj.resistanttophysicalforceorpressure不屈服的;顽强的;弯曲不了的;坚硬的Apugnacious,unyielding,ordeterminedperson.好⽃的、不屈服的或有毅⼒的⼈Heisalwaysunyieldinginhisopinions.他总是固执⼰见。8.tempern.asuddenoutburstofanger脾⽓；acharacteristic(habitualorrelativelytemporary)stateoffeeling⼼情，性情adisplayoftemper性情的表露Hishastytempermadehimoffensive.他的急躁的脾⽓使他令⼈讨厌。keepone'stemper.忍住⽓；不发⽕loseone'stemper.发⽕；⽣⽓outoftemper.发⽕；动怒inatemper⼼情不佳quick-temperedbad-temperedv.makemoretemperate,acceptable,orsuitablebyaddingsomethingelse;moderate锻练，调剂，缓和Letjusticebetemperedwithmercy.要做到恩威兼施。9.tapinto接近；利⽤，开发FewholidaystapintotheAmericanpsychesocloselyasHalloween.与美国⼈⼼理最接近的节⽇莫过于万圣节前夜。ButthereisgrowingdissatisfactionwiththePalestinianleaderandhisCabinet,andheishopingtotapintothosesentiments.不过对这位巴勒斯坦领导⼈及其领导的内阁的不满却与⽇俱增，他希望能利⽤这种不满情绪。10.ofalltime⼀直,始终Mozartwas,afterall,notamerepurveyorofmusicbutoneofthesupremedramaticgeniusesofalltime.莫扎特毕竟不仅是作曲家，⽽且是空前的最⼤戏剧天才之⼀。Whenwegetmarried,we'regoingtohavethereceptionofalltime.我们结婚的时候要举⾏空前绝后的盛⼤宴会11.historicvs.historicalhistorica.:importantinhistory;havingorlikelytohaveaninfluenceonhistory有历史意义的;历史性的historicala.:connectedwithhistoryasastudy;basedoneventsinthepast历史的;历史学的;基于史实的ahistoricmeetingbetweentwogreatleaders两位伟⼤领导⼈的历史性会见.Wewilldealwitheventsinhistoricalsequence.我们将按照历史上的先后顺序研究这些事件。historicbattle有历史意义的⼀次战役historicbuilding历史意义的建筑物historicalnovel/play历史⼩说/剧historicalsociety历史学会,12.take…bythethroatvt.捏住...脖⼦(扼杀)，牢牢控制Hetookthemanbythethroat.他扼住那个⼈的咽喉。Iwilltakefatebythethroat,itwillnotbendmecompletelytoitswill.我要扼住命运的咽喉，他决不能使我完全屈服。（By贝多芬）Scotlandtookthegamebythethroat.苏格兰队牢牢控制了⽐赛。13.fire(sb).up激怒Don'tfirehimup,hehasquarreledwithhisgirlfriend.别激怒他，他和⼥朋友吵架了。IfIweretohearanyonespeakslightinglyofyou,Ishouldfireupinamoment.如果我听见谁⾔语间瞧不起你，我会⽴刻⽕冒三丈。14.Andherchildhoodwritingsrevealsheneverhadasenseof“belonging”anywhere,ortoanyone.(L.30-3Whatshewroteinherchildhoodshowsthatshealwaysfeltlonelyanddidn’teasilymixwithothers.她童年的习作表明，她从来没有“归属感”，觉得⾃⼰不属于任何地⽅或任何⼈。asenseofbelonging归属感asenseofsecurity/safety安全感asenseofhumor幽默感senseoftaste味觉15.EleanorRooseveltmadeapersonalchoicetoliftherselfbeyondherperceived“limitations”.(L.50-51)EleanorRooseveltmadeuphermindtobecomesomeonewhoisbetterthanmightbeexpected.埃莉诺·罗斯福做出了⾃⼰的选择，要⽤⾃⼰的⼒量超越想象中的“局限”。16.结果状语从句的翻译汉语语法的突出特点是隐含性(covertness),英语语法的特点正好相反，呈外显性(overtness)。汉语的句法特征是意合(parataxis),⽽英语的句法特征是形合(hypotaxis)。也就是说，汉语句⼦意连形不连,句与句间关系隐含,⽽英语句⼦以形连表意连,表关系的连词起着重要的纽带作⽤，句与句间关系⼗分明朗。汉译英中，结果状语(或从句)的翻译很好地说明了这点。汉语中表⽰结果的连接词通常省略,但根据前后句⼦关系可推断出是结果状语,故将句⼦翻译成英语时,应将两句关系明确化,通常⽤“sothat”，“so…that”，“such…that”连接.例如:--他做了错误的决定，浪费了⾃⼰半⽣的时间。Hemadeawrongdecision,sothathalfofhislifetimewaswasted.--差别这么⼤，所有的⼈都看得出来。Thedifferenceissuchthatallwillperceiveit.--这本书是⽤很⼩的字体印刷的，很难阅读。Thebookisprintedinverysmalllettersothatitisdifficulttoread.--他们如此焦虑，难以⼊睡。Theiranxietywassuchthattheycouldnotsleep.--她对他的影响⾮常⼤，完全控制了他。Shehassuchagreatinfluenceonhimthatshegovernshimabsolutely.17.drivethemtoremarkableachievementandsuccess(L.8)使某⼈处于…状况Herinspirationinwritingwillsurelydrivehertosuccess.她的创作灵感定会使她成功的。Hisaddictiontodrugsdrovehimtoalifeofcrime.他吸毒成瘾使他⾛上犯罪道路.18.Biologistsrefertothisasthe“adversityprinciple”.(L.58-59)将…称作…Herparentsrefertomeasthebestfriendoftheirdaughter’s.她⽗母将我称作他们⼥⼉最好的朋友.referto:涉及(指的是,提作,参考,适⽤于)Forfurtherparticulars,pleaserefertoChapterTen..详情请看第10章。Don'trefertothismatteragain,please.请不要再提这件事了.Thewordcanalsorefertoaconflictordisagreement,ofteninvolvingviolence.这个词还可指冲突或不和，常涉及暴⼒⾏动。II.UsefulWordsandExpressions（TextB）1.inthefaceof(L17)⾯对，⾯临，在…⾯前Heisdumbinthefaceofthefact.他在事实⾯前哑⼝⽆⾔。Shefeltashamedinthefaceofbetterdressedgirlswhowentby.她看见穿着⽐⾃⼰漂亮的姑娘从⾝边⾛过，就感到羞愧。2.drawon(L18)戴上；（时间）渐渐过去或消逝；吸收，利⽤，临近，凭借，动⽤，引⽤Hedrewonhisgloves,pickeduphisumbrellaandwentout.他戴上⼿套，拿起⾬伞⾛了出去。Herememberedsittinginsilencewithhisgrandmotheraseveningdrewon.他记得和祖母静静地坐着度过晚上。Inmakingplanswemustdrawonworkers'suggestions.在定计划时要吸收⼯⼈的意见。AsIrequiremoneyquicklyImustdrawonmyreserve.由于我急于⽤钱，我必须取出存款。Ishalldrawonyouforassistance.我还要依赖你的援助。3.throwsb.offbalance(L18-19)使某⼈摔到,使失去平衡，使慌乱Theoldladywasthrownoffbalancebyagustofwind.⼤风⽼妇⼈的⾝体失去了平衡。Iwasn'texpectinganyinteractionwiththeaudienceandwasthrownoffbalancebyhisquestion.我没有预料到会与观众进⾏互动，他的问题使我慌乱起来。4.beproneto(L21-22)易于...的,有...倾向的Hewaspronetoanger.他易于发怒。Peoplearemorepronetomakemistakeswhentheyaretired.⼈们疲劳时更容易出差错。5.more…than…(L25-26)“与其……不如……”⽤来⽐较两种说法的正确程度，即前⼀种说法⽐后⼀种说法要正确⼀些。在这个句型⾥，more后不能⽤形容词或副词的⽐较级形式，⽽要⽤原级形式，此外还可⽤名词、代词、动词、介词短语等。Heismoregoodthanbad.与其说他坏不如说他好。Itismoreapoemthanapicture.与其说这是⼀幅画，不如说这是⼀⾸诗。more...than后接从句，可表⽰否定意义。例如：Youspentmoremoneythanwasintendedtobespent.你花掉的钱⽐原计划的要多。（原计划要花的钱没有这么多。）Weoftenadvisehimnottodrinkmorewinethanisgoodforhishealth.我经常建议他不要饮酒太多，以免有害健康。对于上述表⽰否定意义的句⼦，有的⼈认为在than后⾯省略了when，有的认为省掉了it，也有的认为than⽤作关系代词，因⽽并⽆省略。这类句⼦在理解上并不困难，结构上变化也不⼤，从实⽤出发，可将其视为⼀种句型来学习。6.takeup(L38)拿起；占⽤时间或空间；从事；吸取，接纳Shetookupabook.她拿起⼀本书。Thistabletakesuptoomuchroom.这张桌⼦太占地⽅了。ShetookupthenarrativewhereJohnhadleftoff.她接著讲约翰未讲完的故事。Shetookuptennisattheageof11.她在11岁的时候就开始打⽹球。Jurorsformallytakeanoathtotakeupoffice.陪审员们正式宣誓就职。7.tryfor(L42)：makeanattempttogetsth.尝试…Theybothtryfortheposition.他们俩都想得到这职位。Idon'tthinkIhaveaparticularlygoodchanceofgettingthejob,butit'scertainlyworthtryingfor.我看得到那份⼯作的可能性并不很⼤，不过争取⼀下肯定是我值得的。我⼥婿应该谋求这个公司领导的职位。Myson-in-lawshouldtryfortheleadingpositionofthecompany.8.convert…into…(L45)把...转变成Sugarisconvertedintoalcoholthroughtheprocessoffermentation.糖经过发酵变成酒精。Theoldbarnweboughttoconvertintoflatswaspracticallytumblingdown.那个旧⾕仓我们买下想改建住房的,实际上已经快塌了.ShewasconvertedfromChristianityintoJudaismtomarrytheJewishman.为了嫁给那个犹太⼈，她从天主教改信犹太教。9.imagine…as…(L50)想象成，⾃以为Wetriedtoimagineourselvesasoldmen.我们试把我们⾃⼰想象成⽼年⼈。Iimaginehimasabigtallman.我以为他是个⾼⼤的⼈。10.gofor(L67)去找，努⼒获取；对…作出决定，选择；试图得到（或达到）Let'sgoforapicnicbytheriverside.我们到河边野餐去吧。WherecanIgoforhelp?我该怎么办？Iwishthatwehadgoneforthesecondplan.我们要是选择了第⼆个计划就好了。Hewentforajobasadeliverydriver.他努⼒想得到⼀份送货司机的⼯作。Goforit!尽最⼤努⼒得到（或实现）[常⽤于劝告语中]Soundslikeagoodidea—goforit!听起来是个好主意，去实现它吧！III．KeystoExercises(p259—p270)CheckingYourVocabulary(p259—260)WordDetective1.1)d2)f3)g4)c5)a6)b7)e8)j2.1)pressure2)part3)changed4)keep-5)position3.1)thrownoffbalance2)drawon3)gofor4)inkind5)bydefinitonEnhanceYourLanguageAwareness(p262—270)WORDSINACTION1.1)matured2)stuff3)identify4)convert5)classic6)shortcomings7)breeds8)stress9)maintain10)impulse11)pose12)claims13)identity14)media15)tap16)reasonable2.1)graduatewithhonours2)firesherselfup3)take…bythethroat4)takeaction5)makeanexcuse6)inkind7)inthefaceof8)tryingfor9)nurse…throughIncreasingYourWordPower1.1)a.matureb.ripec.mature/riped.ripec.matured2)a.selectb.waselectedc.wereselectedd.choose2.1)dreamergenerator(发动机)achieverclimberoperatorrobbersupporterdefender2)officerguitaristphysicistBraziliansocialisthistorianbiologistmathematicianGRAMMARREVIEW1.1)is2)has3)is4)were5)were/are6)are7)is8)are9)is10)is2.1)its2)its3)his4)our5)his/her6)themselves7)heorshe/one8)them9)its10)themselvesCLOZE1)discovered2)intense3)contributors4)disadvantaged5)achievement6)fascinating7)troubled8)even9)physical10)who11)with12)lead13)advantage14)obstable15)referTRANSLATION1）诚然，没有⼈是完美的，但我们总是可以做得更好。（Itistruethat…but…）Itistruethatnooneisperfect,butwecanalwaysdobetter.2）莫扎特（Mozart）常被称为有史以来最伟⼤的⾳乐家之⼀。（referto…as,ofalltime）Mozartisoftenreferredtoasoneofthegreatestmusiciansofalltime.3）⼈⼈都会遇到逆境，但你的⽣活质量在很⼤程度上取决于你如何利⽤利⽤可⽤资源去应对逆境。（tapinto）Adversitycomestoeveryone,butthequalityofyourlifemaydependinalargemeasureonhowyoutapintoresourcesavailabletohandlethatadversity.4）写作时，你可以利⽤亲⾝经历举例来解释⾃⼰的观点。（drawon）Whenwriting,youcandrawonyourpersonalexperienceforexamplestohelpexplainyourideas.5）圣诞节是严冬中的⼀丝温暖（warmth），⿊暗⾥的⼀盏明灯。（inthedepthof）Christmasisalittlewarmthinthedepthofwinterandabrightlightinthedark.6）有时，当我们试图得到更多时，收获却越少。（gofor）Sometimeswedogetlesswhenwegoformore.7）如果你不愿意原谅那些伤害过你的⼈，⼀⼼想要以其⼈之道还治其⼈之⾝，只会令你的⽣活更糟糕。（inkind）Itwillonlymakeyourlifeworseifyourefusetoforgivethosewhohavedoneyouwrongandbedeterminedtorepaythemi