外国新闻史ppt课件第9讲-20世纪前期的无线电广播业

第9讲20世纪前期的无线电广播业《外国新闻传播史》第9讲20世纪前期的无线电广播业《外国新闻传播史》1一、视听大众媒介的发展1.视觉传播2.记录和传送声音一、视听大众媒介的发展2CameraObscura暗箱摄影机TheCameraObscura,firstcamera,withapinholeforviewingsceneswasinventedin1519.Scenesweredrawnwithpenandinkoninteriorwallsofthecameraorroom.FirstdrawingofCameraObscurawasmadebyLeonardodaVinci.CameraObscura暗箱摄影机TheCamera3ColorplatesThefirstAmericancolorplatebook,WilliamBirch'sTheCityofPhiladelphiaintheYear1800,wasprintedfromengravedcopperplates,whichwerethencoloredbyhand.ColorplatesThefirstAmerican4FirstPhotographFirstphotographwasproducedin1826byJohnNiepce.尼埃普斯Photographrequiredeighthoursofexposure.Firstphotographusedsilverhalidesaltsonametalsheetinsteadoffilm.[FirstknownphotographmadebyJosephNiepce.Photooffromanapartmentbuildingwindow]FirstPhotographFirstphotogra5PhotosonGlassLouisDaguerre达盖尔producedprocedureforprintingphotosonglassin1837.ThesewerecalledDaugerrotypesandwereusedthroughoutthe1800s.[1882]PhotosonGlassLouisDaguerre6Typewriter1873Remington雷明顿producesthefirstcommerciallyviabletypewriter.Usedafoottreadlecarriagereturnsystem.Typewriter1873Remington雷明顿pr7TelegraphSamuelF.B.Morse-thetelegraph(1844)莫尔斯“上帝究竟干了些什么！”Telegraph8TelephoneAlexanderGrahamBell贝尔inventedthetelephonein1876.By1878acommercialversionwasavailableforuse.TelephoneAlexanderGrahamBell9Gramophone留声机1887Gramophoneinvented.Firstrecordingsystemusedwaxdisks.Gramophone留声机1887Gramophone10TapeRecorder1889-DanishinventorValdemarPoulsenre-discoverstheprincipleofmagneticrecording.Overthecourseofthenextfewyearsheproducespracticalsoundrecordersforsteelwireandtape.TapeRecorder1889-Danishinv11CameraforEveryoneKodakBrownieCamera-1900Cameracamewithfilm,readyforuseatapricethatanyonecouldafford.CameraforEveryoneKodakBrown12ComicBook1904FirstcomicbookispublishedComicBook1904Firstcomicboo13FilmKinetoscopePeepshowviewerfilmwasinacontinuouslooprunoverrollersKinetographcamerapatented1891BlackMariafirstfilmstudiotarpapershedtheroofopenedtoskytoprovideenoughlightforphotographythebuildingturnedontrackstofacethesunFilmKinetoscope14Nickelodeon5分钱电影院Edison'sinterestwassellingKinetoscopemachinesAttractionaddedtothepennyarcadeAnickelextratoviewtheKinetoscopesintherearofthepennyarcadehencethenameNickelodeonBy1900therewere600NickelodeonsinNewYorkNickelodeon5分钱电影院Edison'sint15MotionpictureprojectorsIn1918theAcme35mmmotionpictureprojectorwasfirstmassproducedforuseinschools.MotionpictureprojectorsIn1916二、无线电技术的发明与改进无线电技术，把外部世界送进了家庭。二、无线电技术的发明与改进17TheEarlyDays(1800’s)1887,HeinrichHertz赫兹discoveredtheeffectsofelectricalsparksarebasedonwaves1888,Hertzwasfirsttotransmitandreceiveradiowaves1895,GuglielmoMarconi马可尼transmittedaradiosignal1.2milesTheEarlyDays(1800’s)1887,H18ConciseHistoryofBroadcasting

GuglielmoMarconi-thewirelesstelegraph(1896)ConciseHistoryofBroadcastin19Theearlyyearscont.1898,MarconifoundedthefirstcommercialradioserviceonRathlinIslandnearIrelandJune3,1898thefirsttelegramwasboughtandsentusingneedlesJuly20,1898ashipatsearelayedsailingcompetitionresultstoanewspaperTheearlyyearscont.1898,Mar20The1900’s1900,ReginaldFessenden费森登usedanalternatortonotonlytransmitvoices,butmusicaswellDecember12,1902radiowavescan“bend”withtheearthTransmissionfromPoldhu,CornwallEnglandtoSt,John’sNewFoundlandThe1900’s1900,ReginaldFesse21ConciseHistoryofBroadcasting

ReginaldFessenden wirelesstelephone

BrantRock,Mass.(1906)ConciseHistoryofBroadcastin22ConciseHistoryofBroadcasting

Dr.LeeDeForestcalledhimselfthe“fatherofradio.”In1910hestagedalivemusicalbroadcastwithItaliantenorEnricoCaruso.ConciseHistoryofBroadcastin23The1900’scont.1912,theTitanicdistresscallheard58milesaway1913,EdwinArmstrong阿姆斯壮patentsvacuumasanoscillator1920,KDKApopsuponarooftopinPittsburgh,PA1922,“NewYorkSundayCall”putanantennaonacarSpannedfromfrontbumpertobackThe1900’scont.1912,theTita24三、美国广播业的开端与发展技术的分割：GE与发射机AT&T与三极管三、美国广播业的开端与发展251。专利难题的解决一次大战与军方的介入TheWarYears--Navycontrol(1917-1919)Licensedbroadcastingbegins--KDKAPittsburgh(1920)1。专利难题的解决一次大战与军方的介入262。商业体制的确立电器商推销产品威斯汀豪斯出售时间

Firstcommercialairs--WEAFNewYork(1922)2。商业体制的确立电器商推销产品27The1900’scont.1924,theA.M.bandwasestablished1932firstradiossoldoverthecounterforcarsThe1900’scont.1924,theA.M.283。广播网的建立NBCformed(1926)asadivisionofRCA.RCA’schairmanwasDavidSarnoff.NBChadtheRedandBlueNetworks.3。广播网的建立NBCformed(1926)asa29ConciseHistoryofBroadcastingColumbiaBroadcastingSystemformed(1927)byWilliamPaleyConciseHistoryofBroadcastin304。政府的管理1934,FCCestablishedthroughthe“CommunicationsAct”1941,TheFCCallowsthetransmissiononF.M.waves4。政府的管理1934,FCCestablishedt31OriginsofBroadcastRegulationRadiowasahobbyist’stoyButalsoamatteroflifeanddeathWirelessShipActof1910RadioActof1912IndustryitselfdemandsmoreregulationOriginsofBroadcastRegulatio32RadioActof1927GivesfederalgovernmentrighttolicenseEstablishes“publictrustee”modelCreatedFederalRadioCommissionReplacedbyFederalCommunicationActof1934CreatedFederalCommunicationCommissionFCCinstructedtoregulatebroadcastinginthe“publicinterest,convenienceandnecessity.”RadioActof1927Givesfederal33RationalesforgivingbroadcastinglessFirstAmendmentProtectionBroadcastersarepublictrusteesoftheairwaves,whichareownedbythepublic.2.Scarcity.Theelectromagneticspectrumisascarcenaturalresource,andthepublicneedstoheardiversevoices.3.Mediadifferences.ThisincludesTV’spervasiveness,powerfuleffects,youngaudiencesandcaptiveaudiences.

Rationalesforgivingbroadcas34LevelsofFirstAmendmentProtectionPrintMedia/InternetCable/satelliteBroadcastMostLeastLevelsofFirstAmendmentProt355。广播与报纸报纸广播战5。广播与报纸报纸广播战366。广播的黄金时代Radio'sGoldenEra(late1920stolate1940s)6。广播的黄金时代Radio'sGoldenEra37ConciseHistoryofBroadcasting

JackBennyBobHopeConciseHistoryofBroadcastin38ConciseHistoryofBroadcasting

EdwardR.Murrow

OrsonWelles

“WaroftheWorlds”ConciseHistoryofBroadcastin39ConciseHistoryofBroadcasting

SpinningtheVinyl

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radioConciseHistoryofBroadcastin40FDRFiresideChat7ADDRESSOFTHEPRESIDENTDELIVEREDBYRADIOFROMTHEWHITEHOUSEApril28,1935SincemyannualmessagetotheCongressonJanuaryfourth,last,Ihavenotaddressedthegeneralpublicovertheair.InthemanyweekssincethattimetheCongresshasdevoteditselftothearduoustaskofformulatinglegislationnecessarytothecountry'swelfare.Ithasmadeandismakingdistinctprogress.……FDRFiresideChat7ADDRESSOF41TheInvasionfromMars:

RadioPanicsAmerica660万，听众170万，相信120万，恐慌TheInvasionfromMars:

Radio42WaroftheWorldsbroadcast

October30,1938Estimated27(of32)millionfamilieswithradiosMajorsourceofentertainmentandnews“onthespot”newsreportingHistoricalsettingfollowedtheGreatDepressionthreatofwarinEuropeWaroftheWorldsbroadcast

Oc43H.G.WellsBorninKent,England.ThefatherofScienceFictionwritingBestknownbooksare…THETIMEMACHINE(1895)THEINVISIBLEMAN(1897)THEWAROFTHEWORLDS(1898)Wroteoverahundredbooks,aboutfiftyofthemnovels.H.G.WellsBorninKent,Englan44OrsenWellesOneofclassicHollywood'smostacclaimedactorsanddirectors.WasoncenominatedforAcademyAwardsinfourseparatecategoriesforhiscontributiontoonefilm(CitizenKane).BestActor,BestDirector,BestOriginalScreenplay&BestPictureOrsenWellesOneofclassicHol45Historyof

MercuryTheaterontheAirFoundedbyOrsonWelles(21yrs.old)andJohnHousemanOriginallyatheatertroopTheMercuryTheater,whichformedinAugust1937andhadtheirfirstproduction(JuliusCaesar)inNovember1937Startedoffwithmonetaryassetsof$100.(about$1,150intoday’smoney)RadioversionstartedJuly1938Finestradiodramaofthe1930’sHistoryof

MercuryTheateron46Historyof

MercuryTheaterontheAirBroadcastonCBSradio,initiallywithoutasponsorInDecember1938Campbell’sSoupbecamesponsor--RenamedTheCampbellPlayhouse(ranthroughMarch1940)Programwasabitdifferentthantheusualrun-of-the-millradioprogramsatthetime.Innovativeuseofsound-effects,musicandthegrippingvoiceofMr.WellesmadeMToneofthemostcompellingprogramsontheair.Historyof

MercuryTheateron47Historyof

MercuryTheaterontheAirStartedas9-weeksummerseries,theninSept.1938renewedfor13moreweeks.SomeshowsbeforeairingofWaroftheWorldsDraculaTreasureIslandATaleofTwoCitiesAbrahamLincolnTheCountofMonteCristoJuliusCaesarTheImmortalSherlockHolmesHellonIceAroundth