题型精析01.阅读理解之细节理解题(直接信息间接信息数字计算)

01.细节理解题【题型总览】【题型特征】命题人会要求考生根据不同的要求来阅读文章,以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。细节理解题有时比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接,需要归纳、概括或推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右,相对比较容易,是阅读理解的送分题。【设题趋势】特殊疑问句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑问词开头引出的问题;通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节，或就文中的数字进行提问。1.正确选项同义替换(1)替换关键词。把原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换,如把loseone’sjob换成了beoutofwork(2)改变词性。有些选项把原文中的一些词变换了一下词性,如把important变换成ofimportance(3)改变语态。如主动语态与被动语态的转换信息归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息,设置为正确答案正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项原文原词用原文原词作为正确选项2.干扰选项张冠李戴是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容无中生有符合常识,但不是文章的内容曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似,只是在某个细节处有些变动颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反正误参半部分正确,部分错误【常考类型】题型1直接信息题可以直接从原文找到答案,在解答此类问题时,可采用“带着问题找答案”的方法题型2间接信息题命题的隐蔽性更强,其正确选项一般都会在原文的基础上予以改造题型3数字计算题对于数字计算题,需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据,然后进行分析整合【题型精析】【题型1】直接信息题直接在原文中找到明确的信息,考生一般可以通过通读原文中的某句话或某个词语便能得出答案,此类题属于低层次题。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·A篇节选)...PhotographyWorkshops(June19&July10)Enhanceyourphotographyskills—joinYellowstone’sparkphotographerforahandsonprogramtoinspirenewandcreativewaysofenjoyingthebeautyandwonderofYellowstone.6/19—Waterfalls&WideAngles:meetatArtistPoint.7/10—Wildflowers&WhiteBalance:meetatWashburnTrailheadinChittendenparkingarea.23.WherewilltheparticipantsmeetfortheJuly10photographyworkshop?A.ArtistPoint.B.WashburnTrailhead.C.CanyonVillageStore.D.VisitorEducationCenter.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:fortheJuly10photographyworkshop第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:PhotographyWorkshops(June19&July10)部分中的“7/10—Wildflowers&WhiteBalance:meetatWashburnTrailheadinChittendenparkingarea.”比对选项信息:7月10日的摄影研讨会将在WashburnTrailhead举行。故选B。

【技巧提示】根据关键信息进行定位比对【题型2】间接信息题一般无法在文中直接找到明确的信息,要求在理解的基础上,对原文信息进行加工或整理后得出结论。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇节选)...Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlowineschools.24.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker.B.Shegrewupinalowinefamily.C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant.D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,knowabout,AbbyJaramillo第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlowineschools.(第一段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,AbbyJaramillo是UrbanSprouts的发起者。故选__D__。(间接信息题)

【技巧提示】根据关键信息进行语义转换题干中引用了原文中的某些词汇作为干扰信息,其中包括第一段第二句中的lowine、最后一句中的healthy、和第二段开头一句中的fastfoodrestaurants,根据原文中的相关信息可知,这些语境均不是描述她本人情况的信息,故均应该排除。【题型3】数字计算题一般需要根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据,通过计算(“加减乘除”法)得出正确的结论。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·A篇节选)PricesHandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears1hour7.505.003hours11.007.501day(24hours)14.759.75Eachadditionalday8.006.0022.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?A.15.75.B.19.50.C.22.75.D.29.50.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:Howmuch,payfor,rentingabike,withhandbrakeandthreegears,twodays第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Prices...(表格)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第三段的表格中的中间一列,第一行含有题干中的handbrake和threegears,再联系第四行和第五行,一天是14.75欧元,再加一天是8欧元,所以是14.75+8=22.75欧元。故选__C__。(数字计算题)

反思：解题时,试题中容易把考生带入误区的是题干中最后的fortwodays,而忽视了表格最后一行中提到的Eachadditionalday,这样通过计算得出的数据肯定是错误的,进而误选D项。【技巧提示】根据相关数据进行加减乘除【题型精练】1GeneralArtContestsTHESUNNYARTPRIZEPrize

Atotalcashfundof£6,000plusanindividualexhibitioninLondon.EntryFee

£25foroneartwork,upto£45forfourartworks.Requirements

Opentoartistsworldwideaged18andover.ClosingDate

June30,2024OneofthemostdiverseartpetitionsintheUK,theSunnyArtPrizeoffersuniqueexposureforbothemergingandestablishedartists.BEAUTIFULBIZARREARTPRIZEPrize

Over$50,000incashandprizestobewon.Plus,globalexposurethroughBeautifulBizarreMagazine.WinnerswillalsoparticipateinBeautifulBizarreMagazine’sgroupexhibitionatHavenGalleryinNewYorklaterthisyear.EntryFee

$40perentryRequirements

Opentoartistsworldwideworkingintherepresentationalvisualarts.ClosingDate

July17,2024TheBeautifulBizarreArtPrize,nowinits5thyear,isanannualinternationalartprizethatcelebratesdiversityandexcellenceintherepresentationalvisualarts.MADEINCALIFORNIAPETITIONPrize

$750firstprize,$500secondprize.EntryFee

$20perentryRequirements

OpentoartistsbasedinCalifornia.ClosingDate

February16,2024HostedbytheBreaGallery,theMadeinCaliforniapetitionprovidesapromotionalopportunityforallartistsbasedinthestateofCalifornia.ARTISTSMAGAZINEANNUALARTPETITIONPrize

Over$29,000incashprizesandpublicationinArtistsMagazine.EntryFee

$40($35ifsubmittedbeforeApril3)Requirements

Opentoartistsover18worldwideworkinginatraditionalmedium.ClosingDate

May30,2024ArtistsMagazine’sAnnualArtpetitioncelebratestraditional2Dartisticmediumssuchaspainting,digitalart,andmuchmore.Allwinners’workswillbefeaturedintheJanuary/February2025issueofArtistsMagazine.1.Whichartcontestofferstheopportunityforagroupexhibition?A.THESUNNYARTPRIZE.B.BEAUTIFULBIZARREARTPRIZE.C.MADEINCALIFORNIAPETITION.D.ARTISTSMAGAZINEANNUALARTPETITION.2.HowmuchshouldacontestantpayforaJanuarysubmissiontoBreaGallery?A.$20. B.$25. C.$35. D.$40.3.Whatdothesegeneralartcontestshaveinmon?A.Theyareheldeveryyear. B.Theyareopentoemergingartistsonly.C.Theyprovidewinnerswithaddedbonus. D.Theycelebrateexcellenceintraditionalarts.【答案】1.B2.A3.C【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个一般性艺术竞赛，主要包括其奖励、报名费、要求、截止时间等信息。1.细节理解题。根据BEAUTIFULBIZARREARTPRIZE的Prize中“WinnerswillalsoparticipateinBeautifulBizarreMagazine’sgroupexhibitionatHavenGalleryinNewYorklaterthisyear.(获奖者还将参加今年晚些时候在纽约Haven画廊举办的《美丽奇异》杂志的联展)”可知，该竞赛提供办联展的机会。故选B项。2.细节理解题。根据MADEINCALIFORNIAPETITION下“EntryFee$20perentry(报名费：每件作品20美元)”和“HostedbytheBreaGallery,theMadeinCaliforniapetition(由Brea美术馆主办的加州制造竞赛)”可知，1月份提交给Brea美术馆的参赛作品需支付20美元。故选A项。3.细节理解题。根据THESUNNYARTPRIZE的Prize“Atotalcashfundof£6,000plusanindividualexhibitioninLondon.(总共有6000英镑的现金资金，加上在伦敦举办的个人展览)”、BEAUTIFULBIZARREARTPRIZE的Prize中“Over$50,000incashandprizestobewon.Plus,globalexposurethroughBeautifulBizarreMagazine.(超过5万美元的现金和奖品。此外，通过《美丽奇异》杂志获得全球曝光)”、MADEINCALIFORNIAPETITION的Prize“$750firstprize,$500secondprize.(一等奖750美元，二等奖500美元)”和ARTISTSMAGAZINEANNUALARTPETITION的Prize“Over$29,000incashprizesandpublicationinArtistsMagazine.(奖金超过29000美元，并在《艺术家杂志》上发表)”可知，这四项竞赛的共同之处在于都为获胜者提供额外的奖励。故选C项。2IjoinedthecoastguardbecauseIwantedtohelppeople.Hovercraft(气垫船)arerareandspecial.They’vebeendiscontinuedinmostmercialoperation,becausetheyaresoexpensivetomake,butwhenitestosearchandrescue,they’repriceless.Fromfaraway,ahovercraftlookslikeanormalboat.Butifyoulookunderitsskirt,thecraftisnottouchingthewater—itfloatsonacushionofair.Thatcushionallowsustotravelovereverythingfromwatertomuddyland—andevenbreakthroughice.Wedoallofthatasa70tonnemachine,goingamaximumofnearly120kilometersperhour.Thesefeaturesallowustorescuealargenumberofpeoplequicklygetontoland,andgetsomeoneintoanambulancefareasierthanwithanyotherdeviceIcanthinkof.Theadvantagesofhovercraftcanalsomakethemdifficulttohandle.We’vegotamassivevehiclemovingfast,sometimesinathickfogbankupanarrowriver.Duringassignmentsonothercoastguardships,Ihad20minutestomakealterationstoavoidacrash.Inahovercraft,Ihave10seconds.Youhavetohaveenoughsituationalawarenesstomaketherightdecisioneverytime.Peoplecallusforallsortsofproblems:missingdivers,onboardfires,orevenwhenthey’verunoutoffuelorhadamechanicalbreakdown.Acontainershipcouldburstintoflames.Wehaveastrongnetworkhereatthebasetohelpeveryonethroughdifficultsituationslikethat.Thankfully,wehavecaptainswhotrainusinasafeenvironment,butyoudon’tevergetfullyfortable.Anythingcanthrowthehovercraftoff—maybeyourliftsettingsareoffalittle,orthewindblowswithabitofextraweight.Afterseveralyearsoperatingahovercraft,I’mstilllearning.Everyoneofthecaptainshereagrees:youcandrivethisthingfor20yearsandstillbesurprised.4.Whatmakeshovercraftunsuitableformercialuse?A.Theirsafetyrisks. B.Theirpoordurability. C.Theirlowefficiency. D.Theirproductioncosts.5.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?A.Howahovercraftworks. B.Whatprisesahovercraft.C.Whatdistinguishesahovercraft. D.Howahovercrafthelpsvictims.6.Whatchallengedohovercraftposetothepilot?A.Theyhavetomakefasterresponses.B.Theyoftenfacemechanicalbreakdowns.C.Theyneedmorepeoplefordecisionmaking.D.Theymustconsidertheenvironmentalconcerns.7.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofoperatingahovercraft?A.Dull. B.Demanding. C.Enjoyable. D.Effortless.【答案】4.D5.C6.A7.B【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍作者在海岸警卫队使用气垫船的体验。4.细节理解题。由文章第一段“They’vebeendiscontinuedinmostmercialoperation,becausetheyaresoexpensivetomake,butwhenitestosearchandrescue,they’repriceless.(它们在大多数商业运营中都已停产，因为它们的制造成本太高，但在搜救方面，它们是无价的。)”可知，气垫船的生产成本使气垫船不适合商业使用。故选D项。5.主旨大意题。由文章第二段“Fromfaraway,ahovercraftlookslikeanormalboat.Butifyoulookunderitsskirt,thecraftisnottouchingthewater—itfloatsonacushionofair.Thatcushionallowsustotravelovereverythingfromwatertomuddyland—andevenbreakthroughice.Wedoallofthatasa70tonnemachine,goingamaximumofnearly120kilometersperhour.(从远处看，气垫船就像一艘普通的船。但如果你从它的裙子下面看，这艘船并没有碰到水——它漂浮在气垫上。这种缓冲垫可以让我们穿越从水到泥泞的土地的一切，甚至可以破冰。我们完成所有这些工作正如一台70吨重的机器那样，最高时速接近120公里。)”以及后文可知，本段主要介绍气垫船的与众不同之处。故选C项。6.推理判断题。由文章第三段“Duringassignmentsonothercoastguardships,Ihad20minutestomakealterationstoavoidacrash.Inahovercraft,Ihave10seconds.Youhavetohaveenoughsituationalawarenesstomaketherightdecisioneverytime.(在其它海岸警卫队船只上执行任务时，我有20分钟的时间进行改变航线，以避免发生撞击事故。在气垫船上，我有10秒的时间。你必须有足够的情境意识，才能每次都做出正确的决定。)”可知，气垫船驾驶员必须做出更快的反应。故选A项。7.推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Anythingcanthrowthehovercraftoff—maybeyourliftsettingsareoffalittle,orthewindblowswithabitofextraweight.Afterseveralyearsoperatingahovercraft,I’mstilllearning.Everyoneofthecaptainshereagrees:youcandrivethisthingfor20yearsandstillbesurprised.(任何事情都可能使气垫船偏离——也许你的升力设置有点偏离，或者风吹得有点重。在操作气垫船几年后，我仍在学习。这里的每一位队长都同意：你可以驾驶这辆车20年，但仍然会感到惊讶。)”可知，作者认为操作气垫船是要求很高的。故选B项。3Ifsalesgenerallyfeelhardtotoresist,thesaleinfrontofAarronSchurevichwastheultimatetest:newKiaSouljustliketheonehe’dhadandloved,atadealershiphetrusted,atamomentwhenhereallyneededacar.Anditwaspriced$4,000offmorethana20%discount.However,afterhespedthroughpaperworkanddrovethecaroffthelot,thedealturnedsoul.Schurevichnowjokesthathepaidataxforbeingafool.Thisbigticketexampleshowsvividlyallthedynamicsthatplayoutinasale.Thediscountitselfoftenregistersasawin,deliveringthejoyofbothgettingtheproductandtherewardthatwediscoveredsomething,andwe’veearnedthisextrathing.Thus,spottingsomethingwe’dliketobuyonsaleactivatesourbrain’srewardsystem.Thenthere’sthefightinthebrainbetweenwhatcanbedescribedasitsemotionalandrational(理性的)parts.Asalelandslikethethumbthattipsourmentalscaletowardbuying.Stores,ofcourse,knowallthisandtrytopushourbuttons.Expertssayweoftensubconsciouslybelievepopularthingstobemorevaluableormorerewarding.Plus,there’soururgetoavoidloses—thefearofmissingout(FOMO).Sostoresappealtoourcrowdmentality:It’sBlackFriday,anaeveryone’sshopping,buyingthatthingyou’dlike.Theycreateurgency:Yourfavoritecarisonsaletodayonly!Andtheycreatescarcity:Shopnowwhilesupplieslast!Storesalsotryvariouspricingtricks.“Howdowemakemorecustomersgotothemoreexpensiveoption?Weaddadecoy,”saysSavannahWeiShi,whoresearchespricinganddecisionmaking.Forexample,picturesstoreshelfwhereamediumbagofcandysitsnexttoalargerbagofthesamecandy.Themediumsizedbagismuchsmallerthantheotherbag,butonlyslightlycheaper.Itmakesthebigbaglooklikethebestdeal,soshoppersbuythatonethemostexpensiveoptionontheshelf.8.WhyisAarronSchurevich’sstorymentioned?A.Toillustratewhywefallforasale. B.Topresenthowourbrainsareactivated.C.Tostresstheimportanceofrationaldecision. D.Toprovetheflexibilityofmarketingstrategies.9.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4?A.FOMOpostponesdecisions. B.Salesplayonpeople’sfears.C.Subconsciousnessdetermineseverything. D.Scarcitypromotionleadstowisepurchases.10.Whatmarketingtechniqueisusedbywarningaboutthelimitednumberofavailableseatsleft?A.UsingPricingtricks. B.Dealingwithemergencies.C.Creatingscarcity. D.Appealingtocrowdmentality.11.Whatdoes“adecoy”refertoinparagraph5?A.Acandy. B.Ashelf. C.Alargerbag. D.Amediumbag.【答案】8.A9.B10.C11.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍在销售中商家利用顾客心理而使用的一些促销手段。8.推理判断题。由文章第一段“Ifsalesgenerallyfeelhardtotoresist,thesaleinfrontofAarronSchurevichwastheultimatetest:newKiaSouljustliketheonehe’dhadandloved,atadealershiphetrusted,atamomentwhenhereallyneededacar.Anditwaspriced$4,000offmorethana20%discount.However,afterhespedthroughpaperworkanddrovethecaroffthelot,thedealturnedsoul.Schurevichnowjokesthathepaidataxforbeingafool.(如果销售通常让人难以抗拒，那么在AarronSchurevich面前的销售是一次终极考验：新款起亚Soul就像他曾经拥有和喜爱的一样，在他真正需要一辆车的时候，在他信任的经销商那里。它的价格是4000美元，折扣超过20%。然而，在他快速完成文书工作并将车驶离停车场后，这笔交易让人魂牵梦绕。Schurevich现在开玩笑说，他因为自己是个傻瓜而纳税。)”可知，作者提到Schurevich的故事为了说明我们为什么会上当。故选A项。9.推理判断题。由文章第四段“Expertssayweoftensubconsciouslybelievepopularthingstobemorevaluableormorerewarding.Plus,there’soururgetoavoidloses—thefearofmissingout(FOMO).Sostoresappealtoourcrowdmentality:It’sBlackFriday,anaeveryone’sshopping,buyingthatthingyou’dlike.Theycreateurgency:Yourfavoritecarisonsaletodayonly!Andtheycreatescarcity:Shopnowwhilesupplieslast!(专家表示，我们通常下意识地认为受欢迎的东西更有价值或更有回报。此外，我们还有避免失败的冲动——害怕错过（FOMO）。因此，商店吸引了我们的人群心态：今天是黑色星期五，每个人都在购物，买你喜欢的东西。他们制造了紧迫感：你最喜欢的车今天才打折！他们制造了稀缺性：现在购物，而供应量有限！)”可知，商家利用了人们的害怕来促销。故选B项。10.细节理解题。由文章第四段“Andtheycreatescarcity:Shopnowwhilesupplieslast!(他们制造了稀缺性：现在购物，而供应量有限！)”可知，警告剩余座位数量有限是制造稀缺性的销售手法。故选C项。11.词句猜测题。由文章最后一段“Forexample,picturesstoreshelfwhereamediumbagofcandysitsnexttoalargerbagofthesamecandy.Themediumsizedbagismuchsmallerthantheotherbag,butonlyslightlycheaper.Itmakesthebigbaglooklikethebestdeal,soshoppersbuythatonethemostexpensiveoptionontheshelf.(例如，图片中的商店货架上，一个中等大小的糖果袋放在一个较大的相同糖果袋旁边。中等尺寸的袋子比其它袋子小得多，但只稍微便宜一点。它让这个大袋子看起来是最划算的，所以购物者买这个袋子——这是货架上最昂贵的选择。)”可推测，adecoy应指的是“一个中等大小的袋子”。故选D项。4Everyyear,asthesurfacewatertemperatureofftheUnitedStatesmidAtlanticcoastrisessteadilyfromlatespringthroughthesummer,apocketofuncharacteristicallycoolandcrispwatergetstrappedatthebottomoftheocean.Packedwithnutrientsthisthickbandofcoldwater,knownasthemidAtlanticcoldpool,isavitalhomeforshellfishspecies.ExtendingatitsseasonalpeakfromNantucket,Massachusetts,toCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina,thecoldpollcreatesadiverseecosystemrangingfromalgae(海藻)tofish—andsomeofthemostvaluableshellfishfisheriesintheUnitedStates.Now,however,twopressureshavescientistsworryingaboutwhetherthecoldpoolwilllast.Thefirstisnosurprise:climatechange.Overthepastfivedecades,climateschangehasdestabilizedthecoldpool,causingittowarmandshrink.paredwith1968,thecoldpoolisnow13℃warmerandhaslostmorethanonethirdofitsarea.Thesecondconcernis1esscertain.In2023,theUSfederalgovernmentapprovedplanstoinstall(安装)98windturbines(涡轮机)offtheNewJerseycoast,coveringanareaofmorethan300squarekilometers.Yetputtingsomanyturbinestotheseafloorcouldhaveunexpectedconsequencesforthecoldpool.That’swhyTravisMiles,aresearcheratNewJersey’sRutgersUniversity,andhiscolleaguesareinvestigating.Sofar,Milesandhiscolleaguescan’tdefinitivelysaywhatwillhappentothecoldpool,sayingmoreresearchisneededtoassesshowclimatechangeandoffshorewind,together,couldaffectthecoldpool.However,theirinitialanalysessuggestthecoldpoolshouldbefine—atleastinnormalconditions.NewJersey’soffshorewindplansarestronglyopposedmainlybyfossilfuelindustryfundedefforts.Milesworriesthatanoverabundanceofcautionorfearofpotentialimpacts,includingonthecoldpool,mightslowdownthedevelopmentofrenewableenergy.“...it’squiteclearthatclimatechangeisfarmoredamagingthaninstallingwindfarms,”hesays.“Idon’tthinkanyscientistwouldarguewiththat.”12.WhatdoweknowaboutthemidAtlanticcoldpool?A.Itformsinearlyspring. B.It’sabandofcoldnearbottomwater.C.Itservesasahabitatofmostseaspecies. D.ItextendsfromNantuckettoNewJersey.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shrink”inparagraph2mean?A.Breakdown. B.Getpolluted. C.Dryup. D.Beesmaller.14.Miles’attitudetowardinstallingwindfarmscanbedescribedas______.A.supportive B.dismissive C.overcautious D.skeptical15.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheColdPoolPlaysaRoleonspeciesB.OpinionsDivideonOffshoreWindFarmsC.ScientistsEyePotentialRiskstotheColdPoolD.RenewableEnergyHelpstoRaceAgainstClimateChange【答案】12.B13.D14.A15.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述科学家们关心可能对冷池造成影响的两个因素。12.细节理解题。由文章第一段“Everyyear,asthesurfacewatertemperatureofftheUnitedStatesmidAtlanticcoastrisessteadilyfromlatespringthroughthesummer,apocketofuncharacteristicallycoolandcrispwatergetstrappedatthebottomoftheocean.Packedwithnutrientsthisthickbandofcoldwater,knownasthemidAtlanticcoldpool,isavitalhomeforshellfishspecies.(每年，随着美国大西洋中部海岸的地表水温度从春末到夏季稳步上升，一团异常凉爽、清脆的水被困在海底。这条被称为大西洋中部冷池的厚冷水带富含营养，是贝类物种的重要家园。)”可知，大西洋中部冷池指的是是一条接近海底的冷水带。故选B项。13.词句猜测题。由文章第二段“Overthepastfivedecades,climateschangehasdestabilizedthecoldpool,causingittowarmandshrink.paredwith1968,thecoldpoolisnow13℃warmerandhaslostmorethanonethirdofitsarea.(在过去的五十年里，气候变化破坏了冷池的稳定，导致其变暖和。与1968年相比，现在冷池温度上升了13摄氏度，面积减少了三分之一以上。)”可知，冷池的面积减少了三分之一以上，所以这里shrink应表示“缩小”的意思。故选D项。14.推理判断题。由文章第四段“Milesworriesthatanoverabundanceofcautionorfearofpotentialimpacts,includingonthecoldpool,mightslowdownthedevelopmentofrenewableenergy.(Miles担心，过于谨慎或担心潜在影响，包括对冷池的影响，可能会减缓可再生能源的发展。)”和“it’squiteclearthatclimatechangeisfarmoredamagingthaninstallingwindfarms(很明显，气候变化的破坏性远大于安装风电场)”可知，Miles是赞成安装风电场的。故选A项。15.主旨大意题。由文章第二段“Now,however,twopressureshavescientistsworryingaboutwhetherthecoldpoolwilllast.Thefirstisnosurprise:climatechange.Overthepastfivedecades,climateschangehasdestabilizedthecoldpool,causingittowarmandshrink.paredwith1968,thecoldpoolisnow13℃warmerandhaslostmorethanonethirdofitsarea.(然而，现在，两种压力让科学家们担心冷池是否会持续下去。第一点并不奇怪：气候变化。在过去的五十年里，气候变化破坏了冷池的稳定，导致其变暖和萎缩。与1968年相比，现在冷池温度上升了13摄氏度，面积减少了三分之一以上。)”以及下文可知，文章主要讲述科学家们关心可能对冷池造成影响的两个因素。所以C项ScientistsEyePotentialRiskstotheColdPool(科学家关注冷池的潜在风险)符合语境。故选C项。5Evensmalldifferencesintheavailabilityofurbangreenandbluespacesmaybeassociatedwithbettermentalandphysicalhealthinolderadults,accordingtoanewstudy.“Ourfindingsuggeststhatlossofurbangreenandbluespacesduetorapidurbanizationmaynotjusthaveanenvironmentalimpactbutcouldhaveapublichealthimpactaswell,”saysAdithyaVegaraju,firstauthorofthestudypublishedinthejournalHealth&Place.Thestudyisbasedonhealthsurveydatafrommorethan42,000peopleaged65andolderwholivedinurbanareasofWashingtonstatebetween2011and2019.Intheiranalysis,theresearchersrelatedsurveyrespondents’generalandmentalhealthoutestodifferentmeasuresthatquantifiedaccesstogreenandbluespaces,suchasforests,parks,lakes,andrivers.Closeto2%ofrespondentsshowedsignsofseriouspsychologicaldistressand19%reportedhavingpoorgeneralhealth.Thoughotherstudieshavelookedathowclosenesstonaturemightimpacthealth,VegarajusaysthisstudyisoneofthefirsttolookatthisrelationshipinolderadultsintheUnitedStates.“Ifexposuretogreenorbluespacescouldhelpprevent,delay,oreventreatpoormentalhealthinolderadults,weneedtolookatthatmorecloselyasawaytoimprovementalhealthoutesinthispopulation.”saysVegaraju.Moreresearchneedstobedonetoknowexactlyhowexposuretogreenandbluespacesmayleadtobettermentalandgeneralhealth,saysseniorauthorSolmazAmiri.Sheislookingtostudythepossiblelinkbetweennatureexposureandcognitive(认知的)decline,whichcanbeanearlysignofAlzheimer’sdisease.“Itisthoughtthatexposuretogreenandbluespacescouldhelpslowcognitivedecline,”Amirisays.“WhatwewouldliketoknowisifgreenandbluespaceexposurecaninfluenceAlzheimerdirectlyorwhetheritcandosobyreducingmentalhealthissuesthatmayleadtocognitivedecline.”16.WhatcausesthelossofurbangreenandbluespacesaccordingtoVegaraju?A.Citygrowth. B.Awarmerclimate.C.Poormaintenance. D.Urbandevelopmentcontrol.17.Howisthestudyconducted?A.Bystudyingdifferentmeasures.B.Byanalyzinglargescalefigures.C.Bydoingparativeexperiments.D.Bytrackingtheelderlyalltheirlives.18.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”meaninparagraph3?A.Accesstonature. B.Poormentalhealth.C.Thecloserelationship. D.Theenvironmentalimpact.19.WhichstatementwillSolmazAmiriprobablyagreewith?A.Natureexposurecuresdisease.B.Beingclosetonaturehelpsseniorslivelonger.C.Mentalproblemsresultfromcognitivedecline.D.Greensandbluescanboostolderadults’health.【答案】16.A17.B18.A19.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明：城市中，可获得的绿地蓝天越多，身心越健康。16.细节理解题。根据文章第一段““Ourfindingsuggeststhatlossofurbangreenandbluespacesduetorapidurbanizationmaynotjusthaveanenvironmentalimpactbutcouldhaveapublichealthimpactaswell,”saysAdithyaVegaraju,firstauthorofthestudypublishedinthejournalHealth&Place.(该研究的第一作者AdithyaVegaraju说：“我们的发现表明，由于快速城市化导致的城市绿色和蓝色空间的减少不仅会对环境产生影响，还会对公众健康产生影响。”该研究发表在《健康与地方》杂志上。)”可知，城市发展导致了城市绿色和蓝色空间的丧失。故选A。17.推理判断题。根据第二段“Thestudyisbasedonhealthsurveydatafrommorethan42,000peopleaged65andolderwholivedinurbanareasofWashingtonstatebetween2011and2019.Intheiranalysis,theresearchersrelatedsurveyrespondents’generalandmentalhealthoutestodifferentmeasuresthatquantifiedaccesstogreenandbluespaces,suchasforests,parks,lakes,andrivers.(该研究基于2011年至2019年期间居住在华盛顿州城市地区的42000多名65岁及以上老年人的健康调查数据。在他们的分析中，研究人员将调查对象的一般和心理健康结果与量化进入绿色和蓝色空间（如森林、公园、湖泊和河流）的不同措施联系起来。)”可知，这项研究是通过分析大规模数据而得出的结果。故选B。18.词句猜测题。根据第三段“Ifexposuretogreenorbluespacescouldhelpprevent,delay,oreventreatpoormentalhealthinolderadults,weneedtolookatthatmorecloselyasawaytoimprovementalhealthoutesinthispopulation.”saysVegaraju.(“如果接触绿色或蓝色的空间可以帮助预防、延缓甚至治疗老年人的心理健康状况不佳，我们需要更密切地关注这一点，以此来改善这一人群的心理健康状况。”Vegaraju说。)”可知，that指前文出现的接触绿地蓝天。故选A。19.推理判断题。根据第四段，尤其是“Itisthoughtthatexposuretogreenandbluespacescouldhelpslowcognitivedecline,”Amirisays.“WhatwewouldliketoknowisifgreenandbluespaceexposurecaninfluenceAlzheimerdirectlyorwhetheritcandosobyreducingmentalhealthissuesthatmayleadtocognitivedecline.(阿米里说：“人们认为，接触绿色和蓝色的空间有助于减缓认知能力的下降。”“我们想知道的是，接触绿色和蓝色的空间是否会直接影响阿尔茨海默病，或者是否可以通过减少可能导致认知能力下降的心理健康问题来影响阿尔茨海默病。”)”可知，Amiri可能认同绿地蓝天有益于老年人健康。故选D。6Culdesac,whichdescribesitselfas“thefirstcarfreeneighborhoodbuiltfromscratchintheUS”,admitteditsfirst36residentsinTempe,Arizona,US,earlierthisyear.InacountryascardependentastheUS,Culdesacisnothingshortofvisionary.The$170million(about1.24billionyuan)neighborhood,withitswhitebuildingsandnarrowwalkways,isexpectedtoholdaround1,000peoplewhenthefull760unitsarepletedby2025,accordingtoTheGuardian.SimilarprojectsinCharlotte,NorthCarolina,andHouston,Texas,arealsounderway,saidBloomberg.AlthoughsomedenselypopulatedcoastalUScitieslikeBostonandNewYorkCityarewalkableandhaveadequatepublictransportationoptionslikebusandlightrail,thevastmajorityofAmericansareentirelydependentoncarstogetaround.Inthe2018USCensus,itwasfoundthatroughly85percentofAmericansreliedonacartogettowork.Thisrelianceoncarsdoesn’techeap,unfortunately.Ina2023study,theAmericanAutomobileAssociationsaidthatitcostsanaverageofabout89,000yuanperyeartoownandmaintainacarintheUS.So,whatisstoppingAmericansfromdesertingcarsandembracingrelativelycheaperalternativeslikeebikes?Inaword,unsaferoadsthatprioritizecarsoverpeople.Accordingtoa2018reportbytheWorldHealthOrganization,theUStrafficdeathrateis12.4deathsper100,000.Atthesametime,pedestriansandcyclistsintheUSareoftenblamedforbeinghitbydriversratherthantheotherwayaround.Still,there’shope.Byembracinganewcarfreewayofliving,USprojectslikeCuldesaccanprovideanalternativewayoflivingthat’sbothhealthierandmoreaffordableand,inturn,influenceotherstoliveabetterwayaswell.AsVanessaFox,a32yearoldresidentofCuldesac,said,“Forsome,carsequalfreedom,butforme,it’sarestriction.Freedomisbeingabletojustsimplywalkoutandaccessplaces.”20.WhatcanwelearnaboutCuldesacfromparagraph1?A.Itwillbeputintousesoon.B.Itisthoughttobeforwardthinking.C.Itfollowsseveralsuccessfulprojects.D.Itistheworld’slargestcarfreeneighborhood.21.WhydoAmericanshesitatetogiveupcars?A.Maintainingacarischeap.B.Roadsconditionsareunsafe.C.Ebikesarenotwidelyavailable.D.Publictransportationisinadequate.22.WhatinfluencecancarfreeprojectslikeCuldesachaveonAmericansociety?A.Restrictingfreedomofmovement.B.Increasingresidents’senseofresponsibility.C.Encouragingpeopletoexploretheirmunities.D.Promotingahealthierandmorecosteffectivelifestyle.23.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.LivingCarfreeintheUSB.ImprovingUSRoadConditionsC.ANewTrend:EnergyefficientCarsD.ADilemma:CarfreeorCardependent【答案