2026高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语课后习题专项能力提升文体分类练3　说明文之新发明、新产品类含答案

2026高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语课后习题专项能力提升文体分类练(三)说明文之新发明/新产品类Passage1(2025山东济宁二模)主题:处理高盐有机废水的方法 词数:324难度:★★★☆☆ 限时:7分钟Numerousindustriesproducelargerquantitiesofwastewaterscontaininghighconcentrationsoforganicsubstancesandinorganicsalts.Dischargingthesewastewaterstotheenvironmentisharmfultotheecosystemandhumanhealth.However,thehighsaltcontentinthesewastewatersposesseriouschallengesforexistingtreatmentprocesses.ResearchersatRiceUniversity,inpartnershipwithGuangdongUniversityofTechnology,havedevelopedagroundbreakingmethodforit—adoptingdialysis(透析)technologycommonlyusedinmedicine.Theresearchersselectedcommercialultrafiltrationmembranes(超滤膜)whichweredesignedtoletsaltpassthroughwhiletrappingorganicsubstances.Theysetupasystemwheresaltywastewaterandfreshwaterflowedinoppositedirectionsoneithersideofaspecialmembrane,withoutneedingpumps.Duetothedifferenceinsaltconcentrationsbetweenwastewaterandfreshwater,saltnaturallymovesintothefreshwaterwhileorganicsubstancesarekeptback.Totestthis,theycomparedtheamountoforganicmaterialsandsaltinthewastewaterbeforeandaftertreatment.Theresultsshowedthesystemcouldeffectivelyremovesaltwithoutusingextraamountsoffreshwater.Onesignificantadvantageofdialysisisitsresistancetofouling(积垢).Unlikepressure-drivensystems,dialysisexperiencednotablylessbuildupoforganicmaterialsonthemembranebecauseitdoesn’trelyonextrapressure.“Thiscouldtranslatetolowerenergyconsumption,lessmaintenance,andfewermembranereplacements,”saidElimelech,aresearcheronthestudy.Additionally,withsuitablemembranes,dialysiscanbetailoredtoseparatevariousorganiccompounds,enablingtheselectiverecoveryofvaluableresourcesfromwastewater.Inthisway,dialysiscreatesopportunitiesfortransformingwastewatertreatmentplantsintoresourcerecoveryfactories,aligningtheprinciplesofacirculareconomy.Overall,whiledialysisalonedoesn’tfullypurifywastewater,itcantransformthehigh-salinityorganicwastewaterstreamintoalow-salinityorganicwastewaterstreamthatcanbereadilytreatedbyconventionalmethods,whichrevolutionizesthetreatmentofsomeofthemostchallengingindustrialwastewaters.1.Whatisthemajorchallengefacedbythecurrentwastewatertreatment?A.Thelackofsufficienttreatmentdevices.B.Thehighsaltpercentageinwastewater.C.Thesubstantialvolumesofwastewater.D.Theconsiderablecostoftreatmentprocesses.2.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheprocessofdialysingwastewater?A.Themembranetransformedsaltintoorganiccompounds.B.Theextrapressurecontributedtosalttransport.C.Theconcentrationdifferenceplayedthekeyrole.D.Liquidsonbothsidesflowedinthesamedirection.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“aligning”probablymeaninparagraph4?A.Matching. B.Establishing.C.Adjusting. D.Challenging.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitle?A.Dialysis:APioneeringBlessingforMedicineB.Membranes:AProtectiveScreenforFreshWaterC.Dialysis:ANewPathwayforWastewaterTreatmentD.High-SalinityWastewater:AThreattotheEnvironmentPassage2(2025湖北鄂州二模)主题:脑机接口技术 词数:370难度:★★★★☆ 限时:8分钟Afuturisticworldhasalwaysbeencharmingtohumans.Moviesandsci-finovelshavemadeusfantasizeaboutasocietyfloodedwithhumanoidrobotsthathelpfreeusfrommind-numbingtaskswhilewefocusonthingsthatrequireourattentionorsimplyrelax.Brain-computerinterface(BCI)(脑机接口)isonesuchtechnology.PioneeredbyElonMusk’sNeuralink,thesebrainimplantscouldenablemind-controlledcomputing—potentiallygoingfarbeyondjustreadingthoughts.Thiscansolvemanymedicalconditions,includingparalysis,anxiety,andaddiction.BCIchipsacquirebrainsignals,analyzethem,andtranslatethemintocommandssenttooutputdevicesthatcarryoutdesiredactions.Itdoesnotusenormalneuromuscular(神经肌肉的)outputpathways.Itisoftenusedasanassistedlivingdeviceforindividualswithneuromusculardisorderssuchasstrokeorspinalcordinjury.Basically,BCIresultsfromtheblendoftechnologiesfromthefieldsofelectricalengineering,computerscience,biomedicalengineering,andneurosurgery.TheseBCIdevicesareoftwotypes,namely,Non-invasive(非侵入式的)BCIandInvasiveBCI.Non-invasiveBCItoolsusesensorsappliedonorneartheheadtotrackandrecordbrainactivity.Theseonescanbeplacedandremovedeasily,buttheirsignalsmaybeindistinctandimprecise.However,InvasiveBCItoolsrequiresurgeryastheyaretobeimplantedbeneaththeskull,directlyintothebrain,totargetspecificsetsofneurons,thusprovidingamuchclearerandmoreaccuratesignalbetweenthebrainandthedevice.UsingBCIscanpotentiallyenhanceitspersonnel’sphysicalandcognitivepower.WhileBCIstrytoimitatethewayourbrainsfunction,understandingthemechanicscanbequitechallengingforresearchers.Further,therehavebeenconcernsonethicalgroundsaboutthisresearch.Thisincludesprivacyandsecurityissues.Ethicistsfearthatcapturedneuralsignalscanbeusedtogainaccesstoauser’sprivateinformation.Ontheotherhand,becauseBCIchipsanddevicescapturesignalsdirectlyfromasubject’snervoussystem,thistransmitteddatacanbeextractedforevilpurposes,oreventhewholeBCIsystemcanbebrokenintobycybercriminals.HopetheseissuesareaddressedbeforethecommerciallaunchofBCIsinthefuture.5.Accordingtothetext,whomaybenefitmostfromBCItechnology?A.Awomanlosingherabilitytospeak.B.Anengineerthirstyforhighproductivity.C.Apatientincapableofmovingafterinjuries.D.Anathleteaimingforimprovedperformance.6.WhatcanwelearnaboutBCIfromthethirdparagraph?A.Non-invasiveBCIprovidesclearersignals.B.InvasiveBCIenablespreciseneuralrecordings.C.InvasiveBCIcanbeeasilyremovedlikeaheadset.D.Non-invasiveBCIrequirespermanentskullimplants.7.What’sthepotentialriskBCItechnologymaybringinthetext?A.Theftofbraindata.B.Shortservicelifeofimplanteddevices.C.HighcostofBCIdevices.D.Difficultyinunderstandingbrainsignals.8.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsBCItechnology?A.Stronglynegative.B.Fullysupportive.C.Cautiouslyoptimistic.D.Completelyindifferent.Passage3(2025安徽马鞍山二模)主题:利用太阳能制造燃料 词数:346难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟Theresearchers,fromtheUniversityofCambridge,saytheirsolar-poweredreactorcouldbeusedtomakefueltopowercarsandplanes.Itcouldalsobeusedtogeneratefuelinremoteoroff-grid(没有电网的)locations.Unlikeconventionaltechnologies,thereactordevelopedbytheCambridgeresearchersdoesnotrequirefossil-fuel-basedpowerorthetransportandstorageofcarbondioxide(CO2),butinsteadconvertsatmosphericCO2intosomethingusefulusingsunlight.TheresultsarereportedinthejournalNatureEnergy.Carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)hasbeenproposedasapossiblesolutiontotheclimatecrisis.However,itisenergy-intensiveandthereareconcernsaboutthelong-termsafetyofstoringpressurisedCO2deepunderground.“Whatif,insteadofpumpingCO2underground,wemadesomethingusefulfromit?”saidfirstauthorDr.SayaleeKatarfromCambridge’sYusufHamiedDepartmentofChemistry.“CO2isaharmfulgreenhousegas,butitcanalsobeturnedintousefulchemicals.”Thefocusoftheresearchgroupisthedevelopmentofdevicesthatconvertwaste,water,andairintopracticalfuelsandchemicals.Thesedevicestaketheirinspirationfromphotosynthesis(光合作用):theprocessbywhichplantsconvertsunlightintofood.Thedevicesdon’tuseanyoutsidepower:nocables,nobatteries—alltheyneedisthepowerofthesun.Theteam’slatestsystemtakescarbondioxidedirectlyfromtheairandconvertsitintosyngas,akeyelementintheproductionofmanychemicals.Atnight,specializeddevicestakeinCO2.Whenthesuncomesout,thesunlightheatsupthecollectedgas,startingachemicalreactionthatconvertsthegasintosolarsyngas.Amirroronthereactorconcentratesthesunlight,makingtheprocessmoreefficient.Theresearcherssaytheparticularlypromisingopportunityisthatthesyngascanbeconvertedintomanyoftheproductswerelyoneveryday,withoutcontributingtoclimatechange.Theyarebuildingalargerversionofthereactorandhopetobegintestsinthespring.9.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthereactorfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Itconsumessolarenergy.B.Itoperateswellinremotelocations.C.Itrequiresfewertechnologies.D.Itstoressolarenergyfortransportation.10.WhydoestheauthormentionKatar’swords?A.Tointroducetheiralternativethinking.B.Toshowtheoriginoftheirinspiration.C.Torecognizethevalueoftheirdevice.D.Toexplainthereasonsfortheirsuccess.11.Whatdoesparagraph6mainlytalkabout?A.Theefficiencyofdifferentdevices.B.Functionalprocessesofthesystem.C.Thecooperationoftheteammembers.D.Theworkingsurroundingsofthesystem.12.Whataretheresearchersplanningtodo?A.Producegreenenergy.B.Launchatrialofthereactor.C.Replaceexistingfuels.D.Createalarge-sizedmirror.

答案：Passage1【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了莱斯大学和广东工业大学的研究人员合作开发了一种开创性的处理高盐有机废水的方法——采用医学上常用的透析技术,阐述了该方法的原理、优势以及对废水处理的重要意义。1.B细节理解题。根据第一段中的“However,thehighsaltcontentinthesewastewatersposesseriouschallengesforexistingtreatmentprocesses.”可知,当前废水处理面临的主要挑战是废水中的高盐含量。2.C推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Theysetupasystemwheresaltywastewaterandfreshwaterflowedinoppositedirectionsoneithersideofaspecialmembrane,withoutneedingpumps.Duetothedifferenceinsaltconcentrationsbetweenwastewaterandfreshwater,saltnaturallymovesintothefreshwaterwhileorganicsubstancesarekeptback.”可知,在处理废水的透析过程中,浓度差起到了关键作用。易错点拨:本题易错选B项。部分考生可能因“压力驱动”是常见的水处理技术(如反渗透)而误选B项,但透析技术的核心原理是浓度差驱动的扩散,而非压力。需注意原文细节的对比(如“withoutneedingpumps”和“doesn’trelyonextrapressure”)。3.A词句猜测题。根据第四段内容可知,透析为将废水处理厂转变为资源回收工厂创造了机会,这与循环经济的原则是一致的,所以“aligning”的意思最接近“Matching(匹配,相一致)”。4.C标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“ResearchersatRiceUniversity,inpartnershipwithGuangdongUniversityofTechnology,havedevelopedagroundbreakingmethodforit—adoptingdialysis(透析)technologycommonlyusedinmedicine.”以及下文对该方法的介绍可知,本文主要讲的是透析技术为废水处理提供了一条新途径。所以最佳标题为“透析:污水处理的新途径”。提分干货高频词汇1.substancen.物质2.contentn.含量3.amountn.数量 4.consumptionn.消费;消耗5.maintenancen.维护熟词生义1.concentration(生)n.浓度(熟)n.专心2.pose(生)n.造成;引起(熟)n.姿势重点短语1.largequantitiesof大量的2.beharmfulto对……有害3.setup建立4.relyon依赖5.o...把……转变为……难句分析Theresearchersselectedcommercialultrafiltrationmembranes(超滤膜)whichweredesignedtoletsaltpassthroughwhiletrappingorganicsubstances.分析:本句为主从复合句。whichweredesignedtoletsaltpassthrough为which引导的定语从句;whiletrappingorganicsubstances为状语从句的省略。译文:研究人员选择了商用超滤膜,它们的设计目的是让盐通过,同时捕获有机物质。Passage2【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了脑机接口技术及其利弊和潜在风险。5.C推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Itisoftenusedasassistedlivingdevicesforindividualswithneuromusculardisorderssuchasstrokeorspinalcordinjury.”可知,脑机接口技术常被用于帮助患有神经肌肉疾病的人,受伤后无法移动的病人属于这类人群,所以他们可能从脑机接口技术中受益最多。6.B推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However,InvasiveBCItoolsrequiresurgeryastheyaretobeimplantedbeneaththeskull,directlyintothebrain,totargetspecificsetsofneurons,thusprovidingamuchclearerandmoreaccuratesignalbetweenthebrainandthedevice.”可知,侵入式脑机接口能够实现精确的神经记录。易错点拨:本题易错选A项。原文明确提到,非侵入式BCI(Non-invasiveBCI)的信号可能模糊且不精确(“theirsignalsmaybeindistinctandimprecise”),而侵入式BCI(InvasiveBCI)由于直接植入大脑,能提供更清晰、更准确的信号(“providingamuchclearerandmoreaccuratesignal”)。因此,A项与原文完全相反,是错误选项。7.A细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Ethicistsfearthatcapturedneuralsignalscanbeusedtogainaccesstoauser’sprivateinformation.Ontheotherhand,becauseBCIchipsanddevicescapturesignalsdirectlyfromasubject’snervoussystem,thistransmitteddatacanbeextractedforevilpurposes,oreventhewholeBCIsystemcanbebrokenintobycybercriminals.”可知,脑机接口技术可能带来的潜在风险是大脑数据被盗取。8.C推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,使用脑机接口技术有可能增强使用者的身体和认知能力。此外,这项研究在伦理方面也存在一些令人担忧的问题。这其中包括隐私和安全问题。作者希望在未来脑机接口技术商业化推出之前,这些问题能够得到解决。由此可推知,作者一方面看到了脑机接口技术存在的问题和风险,另一方面又希望这些问题能得到解决,所以作者对脑机接口技术的态度是谨慎乐观的。提分干货高频词汇1.charmingadj.迷人的2.anxietyn.焦虑3.addictionn.瘾;嗜好4.basicallyadv.基本上5.accurateadj.准确的6.enhancevt.增强熟词生义1.pioneer(生)v.倡导(熟)n.先锋2.track(生)v.追踪;跟踪(熟)n.小道;足迹重点短语1.befloodedwith充满2.carryout执行,实施3.resultfrom由……引起4.gainaccessto获得进入权限;取得使用权难句分析Moviesandsci-finovelshavemadeusfantasizeaboutasocietyfloodedwithhumanoidrobotsthathelpfreeusfrommind-numbingtaskswhilewefocusonthingsthatrequireourattentionorsimplyrelax.分析:本句为主从复合句。thathelpfreeusfrommind-numbingtasks为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词humanoidrobots;whilewefocusonthings为while引导时间状语从句;thatrequireourattentionorsimplyrelax为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词things。译文:电影和科幻小说让我们幻想着一个充斥着人形机器人的社会,当我们专注于需要我们注意的事情或仅仅是放松时,它们可以帮助我们从大脑麻木的任务中解脱出来。Passage3【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了剑桥大学的研究人员通过太阳能反应堆来制造汽车和飞机的燃料,用于在偏远地区或没有电网地区产生燃料。9.A细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Theresearchers,fromtheUniversityofCambridge,saytheirsolar-poweredreactorcouldbeusedtomakefueltopowercarsandplanes.”可知,反应堆消耗太阳能。10.A推理判断题。根据第四段中的“‘Whatif,insteadofpumpingCO2underground,wemadesomethingusefulfromit?’saidfirstauthorDr.SayaleeKatarfromCambridge’sYusufHamiedDepartmentofChemistry.‘CO2isaharmfulgreenhousegas,butitcanalsobeturnedintousefulchemicals.’”可知,作者提到Katar的话是为了介绍他们的非传统性思维。11.B段落大意题。根据第六段内容可知,第六段主要讲了系统的功能流程。易错点拨:本题易错选A项。虽然第六段提到“Amirroronthereactorconcentratesthesunlight,makingtheprocessmoreefficient.”(反应器上的镜子集中阳光,提高效率),但这只是系统功能的一个细节,而非段落主旨。段落的核心是描述系统如何从空气中捕获CO2并在阳光下转化为合成气(syngas),即系统的工作流程(Functionalprocesses),而非单纯比较效率。12.B细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Theyarebuildingalargerversionofthereactorandhopetobegintestsinthespring.”可知,研究人员计划启动反应堆试验。提分干货高频词汇1.convertvt.转化2.proposevt.建议;提出3.promisingadj.有希望的;有前途的熟词生义concentrate(生)vt.使集中;聚集(熟)vi.集中(注意力);聚精会神重点短语1.whatif倘使……将会怎样2.takein吸收难句分析Whenthesuncomesout,thesunlightheatsupthecollectedgas,startingachemicalreactionthatconvertsthegasintosolarsyngas.分析:本句为主从复合句。Whenthesuncomesout为when引导的时间状语从句;thatconvertsthegasintosolarsyngas为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词chemicalreaction。译文:当太阳出来时,阳光加热收集的气体,开始化学反应,将气体转化为太阳能合成气。文体分类练(四)说明文之研究报告类Passage1(2025河北张家口二模)主题:人工智能影响购买意愿 词数:342难度:★★★★☆ 限时:8分钟AstudypublishedintheJournalofHospitalityMarketing&Managementfoundthatdescribingaproductas“AI-powered”lowersacustomer’sintentiontobuyit.Researcherssampledparticipantsacrossvariousagegroupsandshowedthemthesameproducts—theonlydifferencebetweenthemwasthatonewasdescribedas“high-tech”andtheotheras“AI-powered”.“Ineverysinglecase,theintentiontobuyorusetheproductorservicewasgreatlylowerwheneverwementionedAIintheproductdescription,”saidDoganGursoy,oneofthestudy’sauthors.Thestudysaystwokindsoftrustplayapartinconsumers’less-than-rosyperceptionofproductsthatdescribethemselvesas“AI-powered”.Thefirstkind,cognitive(认知的)trust,hastodowiththehigherstandardthatpeopleholdAItoasamachinetheyexpecttobefreefromhumanerror.So,whenAIdoesslipup,thattrustcanbequicklyruined.Forexample,peoplecriticizedGooglelastyearforprovidingconfusingandevenfalseinformation,pressuringthecompanytowalkbacksomeofthefeatures’capabilities.Inaddition,limitedknowledgeandunderstandingabouttheinnerworkingsofAIforceconsumerstofallbackonemotionaltrustandmaketheirownsubjectivejudgmentsaboutthetechnology.“Oneofthereasonsisfearoftheunknown,”Gursoysaid.“BeforeChatGPTwasintroduced,notmanypeoplehadanyideasaboutAI.”AndthewayAIispresentedinpopculture,likeHollywoodsciencefictionfilmswhererobotsappearasvillains(反派主角),hasabiggerimpactonshapingpublicperceptiontowardsAI.AnotheristheperceivedriskaroundAI—particularlywithhowithandlesusers’personaldata,accordingtoGursoy.Therefore,Gursoywarnscompaniesagainstaddingthe“AI”labelasanappealingwordwithoutdetailsonitscapabilities.“Themostadvisablethingforthemtodoistocomeupwiththerightmessaging,”hesaid.“Ratherthansimplyputting‘AI-powered’or‘runbyAI’,tellingpeoplehowthiscanhelpthemwilleaseconsumers’fear.”1.Whatdiscoverywasmadebythestudy?A.ConsumerspreferAIproducts.B.High-techproductsarelesspopular.C.AI-describedproductsattractfewercustomers.D.AI-labeledproductssellbetterwithhigh-techones.2.WhydoescognitivetrustinAIbreakdowneasily?A.AIoftenfailsbasictasks.B.PeoplethinkAIislessefficient.C.AIistoocomplextounderstand.D.PeopleexpectperfectionfromAI.3.Whataffectsconsumers’emotionaltrustinAI?A.Highserviceprices.B.Limitedproductfunctions.C.Slowtechnologydevelopment.D.InsufficientAIoperationknowledge.4.Whatarecompaniesadvisedtodo?A.ExplainthebenefitsofAI.B.KeepawayfromAIusage.C.Detailtheproductionprocess.D.Simplify“AI-powered”labels.Passage2(2025湖北十堰三模)主题:冰川退缩加剧 词数:364难度:★★★★☆ 限时:8分钟Anewstudyhasrevealedthealarmingextentglaciershaveshrunkoverthepast40yearsinaglobalwarminghotspotforthefirsttime,andthebiggestretreat(退缩)hasoccurredinrecentyears.Theresearch,ledbytheUniversityofBristol,showsthatthevastmajorityofglaciersacrossSvalbardintheArctichavebeensignificantlyshrinking.Findingsrevealedanarealossofmorethan800km2attheglacierboundariesinthisNorwegiangroupofislandssince1985.Thestudyalsofoundthatmorethanhalfofglaciersgothroughseasonalcyclesinglaciercalving(崩解)whenlargeblocksoficebreakawayduetohigheroceanandairtemperatures.Co-authorJonathanBamber,ProfessorofGlaciologyattheUniversityofBristol,said,“Glaciercalvingisapoorlymodelledandunderstoodprocessthatplaysacrucialroleinthehealthoftheglacier.Ourstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintowhatcontrolscalvingandhowitrespondstoclimateforcinginanareaatthefrontlineofglobalwarming.”LeadauthorDr.Li,SeniorResearchAssociateattheUniversity’sGlaciologyCentre,said,“Thescaleofglacierretreatoverthepastfewdecadesisastonishing,withicelossnowaffectingalmosttheentireSvalbard.Thishighlightstheweaknessofglacierstoclimatechange,especiallyinSvalbard,aregionexperiencingrapidwarminguptoseventimesfasterthantheglobalaverage.”UsinganovelAImodel,theresearchteamanalysedmillionsofsatelliteimagescapturingtheendpositionsofglaciersacrosstheentireSvalbard.Thefindingsprovideanunprecedentedlevelofdetailintothescaleandnatureofglacierlossinthisregion.Thebiggestpeakinglacierretreatwasdetectedin2016,whenthecalvingratesweredoubletheaveragebetween2010and2015,inresponsetoextremewarmingevents.“Thiswaslikelycausedbyalarge-scaleweatherpatterncalledatmosphericblockingthatcaninfluenceatmosphericpressures,”saidDr.Li.“Withtheincreasingfrequencyofatmosphericblockingandongoingregionalwarming,futureretreatofglaciersisexpectedtoaccelerate,resultingingreaterglaciermassloss.ThiswouldchangetheoceancirculationandmarinelifeenvironmentsintheArctic.”5.Whatistheauthor’sintentioninwritingparagraph1?A.Todiscusstheretreatoftheglacier.B.Topresenttheauthor’sopinion.C.Toexplaintheeffectofhotspots.D.Tointroducethestudy’smainfindings.6.Whatisscientists’currentunderstandingofglaciercalving?A.Precise. B.Extensive.C.Limited. D.Comprehensive.7.WhatdoesDr.Li’sstatementimplyabouttheglaciers?A.Theywillcalveatatopspeed.B.Theymayexperiencefasterretreat.C.Theywillremainatafixedrateofretreat.D.Theymaydecreasebecauseoflittlesnow.8.Whatisthetext?A.Aresearchpaperonglaciercalvingmechanics.B.AnewsreportonglacierretreatinSvalbard.C.Asummaryofaclimatechangeconference.D.Anarticleaboutthehistoryofglaciology.Passage3(2025安徽合肥二模)主题:表达感激的方式差异 词数:318难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟Amongworldlanguages,Englishplacesperhapsthehighestvalueontheexpressionsofthanks,especiallyinformalandbusinesssettings.Soit’slogicalthatEnglishspeakerstendtoconflatetheexpressionofthankfulnesswiththefeelingofthankfulness.Ifsomebodydidn’tsay“thanks”,weoftenthinktheymustnothavebeenverygrateful.Andyet,inEnglish,“thankyou”getsusedsofrequentlythatitcaneasilystarttofeelhabitual.Butdowesayitasmuchaswethinkinourcasualinteractionswithfamilyandfriends?AnewresearchpapertitledUniversalsandCulturalDiversityintheExpressionofThankfulnesssuggeststhatno,wedonot.Theresearchteambehindthepaperlookedforexpressionsofthankfulnessindailyinformalinteractionsacrosseightlanguages:English,Italian,Polish,Russian,Lao,Cha’palaa,Murrinhpatha,andSiwu.Thefindingssuggesttheuniversalwayinwhichthankfulnessisexpressedisnotthroughgivingthanks,butratherthroughparticipationinasocialagreementinwhichmutual(相互的)assistanceandworkingtogetherarethenorm.Infact,thepracticeofgivingthanksseemstohavelittleimpactonthepracticeofmutualexchange.Thepracticeofgivingthanksalsovariesculturally.InIndia,forexample,people—especiallywhentheyareyourelders,relatives,orclosefriends—tendtofeelthatbythankingthem,you’reweakeningyourclosenesswiththemandcreatingformalityanddistancethatshouldn’texist!Incontrast,inEngland,expressingthankfulnessthroughwordsisseenasapositivestrengtheningofrelationships,promotinggoodwillandconnection.NickEnfield,leadresearcherofthestudy,suggeststhatmostofthe6,000to7,000worldlanguagesdon’thaveawordfor“thankyou”.“Whenweconsiderthenegativeeffectsofthankingcloserelationsalongsidethefactthatmanylanguagesarespokeninverysmallcommunitieswherespeakersarelikelytoknoweachother,thatclaimstartstofeelquitereasonable.”9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conflate”inparagraph1mean?A.Compare. B.Replace.C.Figureout. D.Mixup.10.Howdopeopleexpressthankfulnessuniversallyaccordingtothestudy?A.Bysayingthanksdirectly.B.Bymakingsocialagreements.C.Byusingbodylanguage.D.Byhelpingandcooperating.11.HowdoIndiansviewthepracticeofgivingthankstorelatives?A.Itweakenstheirbond.B.Itreducestheirsocialdistance.C.Itenhancestheirconnection.D.Itpromotestheirmutualtrust.12.WhatdoesNickEnfieldimplyinthelastparagraph?A.Manyculturesdonotemphasizethankfulness.B.Thankfulnessmightnotbeexpressedinwords.C.Smallcommunitiesprefertothankclosefriends.D.Thenegativeeffectsofthankingshouldbeavoided.

答案：Passage1【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一项研究发现,在产品描述中提及人工智能(AI)会显著降低消费者的购买意愿,并分析了消费者对AI产品信任度较低的原因,以及专家对企业的建议。1.C细节理解题。根据第一段“AstudypublishedintheJournalofHospitalityMarketing&Managementfoundthatdescribingaproductas‘AI-powered’lowersacustomer’sintentiontobuyit.”可知,这项研究发现被描述为人工智能的产品吸引的顾客更少。2.D推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Thefirstkind,cognitive(认知的)trust,hastodowiththehigherstandardthatpeopleholdAItoasamachinetheyexpecttobefreefromhumanerror.So,whenAIdoesslipup,thattrustcanbequicklyruined.”可推知,人们对人工智能的认知信任容易破裂是因为人们对人工智能的期望很高。易错点拨:本题易错选C项。虽然第四段中提到消费者对AI的内部运作缺乏了解(“limitedknowledgeandunderstandingabouttheinnerworkingsofAI”),但这属于情感信任(emotionaltrust)的范畴,而非认知信任(cognitivetrust)。认知信任的崩溃是因为人们对AI的完美性期望(“higherstandard...freefromhumanerror”)与实际错误之间的矛盾,与“复杂性”无关。3.D细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Inaddition,limitedknowledgeandunderstandingabouttheinnerworkingsofAIforceconsumerstofallbackonemotionaltrustandmaketheirownsubjectivejudgmentsaboutthetechnology.”可知,消费者对人工智能操作知识的不足影响了他们对人工智能的情感信任。4.A细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“tellingpeoplehowthiscanhelpthemwilleaseconsumers’fear”可知,企业被建议解释人工智能带来的好处。提分干货高频词汇1.intentionn.意图2.ruinvt.毁坏3.confusingadj.令人困惑的 4.falseadj.虚假的5.subjectiveadj.主观的熟词生义sample(生)v.对……作抽样调查(熟)n.样本重点短语1.describe...as...把……描述成……2.forcesbtodosth迫使某人做某事3.warnsbagainstdoingsth警告某人不要做某事4.comeupwith提出,想出难句分析Thefirstkind,cognitive(认知的)trust,hastodowiththehigherstandardthatpeopleholdAItoasamachinetheyexpecttobefreefromhumanerror.分析:本句为主从复合句。thatpeopleholdAIto为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词standard;theyexpecttobefreefromhumanerror为省略关系词that/which的定语从句,修饰先行词machine。译文:第一种是认知信任,源于人们以更高标准要求AI——作为一种机器,它理应避免人类错误。Passage2【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。一项新研究揭示了斯瓦尔巴群岛的冰川在过去40年里显著退缩,近年退缩加剧,未来或加速,影响深远。5.D推理判断题。根据第一段“Anewstudyhasrevealedthealarmingextentglaciershaveshrunk(缩小)overthepast40yearsinaglobalwarminghotspotforthefirsttime,andthebiggestretreat(退缩)hasoccurredinrecentyears.”可知,第一段主要介绍了这项研究的主要发现,即冰川在过去40年缩小的程度以及近年来退缩最为严重。6.C细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Glaciercalvingisapoorlymodelledandunderstoodprocessthatplaysacrucialroleinthehealth