核心素养测评（必修第三册Unit4SpaceExploration）

核心素养测评(30分钟32.5分)十五必修第三册Unit4SpaceExplorationⅠ.阅读理解(共8小题;每小题2.5分,满分20分)A(2025·新高考八省模拟)Totalsolareclipses(日食)havescaredpeoplesincetimeoutofmind.Thefirstrecordofone,preservedonaclaytabletfoundatUgarit,onceatradecitybutdestroyedlaterinSyria,isbelievedfromitsageandlocationtodescribeeitheraneclipsethathappenedin1375BCoronein1223BC.LegendaryexplanationsforeclipsesincludetheSunbeingeatenbydogs,frogsordragons.Therealityisnotromantic.Whyaretotalones,liketheonecomingonApril8,sorare?Solareclipsesareaspecialcaseofphenomenacalledtransitsandoccultations,inwhichanintervening(介于中间的)heavenlybodystopslightfromastarreachinganobserver.Iftheblockingbodyappearssmallerintheskythanthestar,theresultiscalledatransitandlookslikeadarkspotcrossingthestar’ssurface.Iftheblockingobjectappearslargerthanthestar,thestardisappearscompletely—anoccultation.Atotaleclipseisanoccultation.Solareclipsesmaybeeitherofthesethings,sincetheapparentsizesintheskyoftheSunandtheMoon,viewedfromEarth,arealmostidentical.IftheMoonorbitedEarthinthesameplaneasEarthorbitstheSun,eclipseswouldhappeneverymonth,butwouldbetotalonlyinthetropics(热带地区).Inreality,theaverageintervalbetweentotaleclipsesis18months,andtheymaybeseenfromtimetotimeallovertheworld.ThepathoftotalityacrossEarth’ssurfaceisnarrowandtheperiodshort(amaximumofjustoversevenandahalfminutes).Outsidetheseboundaries,theSunwillappearpartiallyeclipsed,lookinglikeapiethatsomethinghastakenabitefrom.TheGreatNorthAmericanEclipse,asithasbeencalled,willbeasighttobeheldonApril8.Butitshouldalsobecherished,becausetotaleclipsesoftheSunwillnothappenforever.Tidalfriction(潮汐摩擦)causestheMoontomoveawayfromEarthat3.8cmayear,makingitappearsmallerandsmallerinthesky.In600millionyearsorsothelast,shorttotalitywilloccur.【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与自然(地球与宇宙奥秘探索)语篇内容主要介绍了日全食罕见的原因语篇结构Para.1Whyaretotalones,liketheonecomingonApril8,sorare?Para.2Solareclipsesareaspecialcaseofphenomenacalledtransitsandoccultations,inwhichaninterveningheavenlybodystopslightfromastarreachinganobserver.Para.3Solareclipsesmaybeeitherofthesethings.Para.4TheGreatNorthAmericanEclipse,asithasbeencalled,willbeasighttobeheldonApril8.Butitshouldalsobecherished.【命题意图】1.WhatdoestheclaytabletofUgaritrepresent?推理判断题。本题旨在考查考生根据所读内容(第一段)进行推理和判断的能力2.HowdoestheauthordevelopParagraph2?本题要求考生能够读懂第二段阐释的两种自然现象,并注意到文章中对这两种现象给出的定义。本题旨在考查考生根据所读内容对文章段落大意的归纳和总结的能力3.WhatcanwelearnabouttotalsolareclipsesfromParagraph3?本题要求考生根据对文章信息的理解,对第三段进行推理和判断。考查考生根据文章表层信息推断信息真实意义的能力4.Whatmakestotalsolareclipsessorare?本题要求考生根据对文章信息的理解,能够推断出使日全食很难见到的真实原因。考查考生根据所读内容进行推理和判断的能力1.WhatdoestheclaytabletofUgaritrepresent?A.Somefiguresofancientanimals.B.TheSunbeingeatenbysomeanimals.C.Ancientpeoplewhowerehuntingforanimals.D.Theearliesttotalsolareclipserecorded.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Thefirstrecordofone,preservedonaclaytabletfoundatUgarit,onceatradecitybutdestroyedlaterinSyria,isbelievedfromitsageandlocationtodescribeeitheraneclipsethathappenedin1375BCoronein1223BC.(最早的日食记录保存在Ugarit的一块泥板上,Ugarit曾是叙利亚的一个贸易城市,但后来被摧毁。从它的年代和位置来看,人们认为它可以描述发生在公元前1375年或公元前1223年的日食。)”可知,Ugarit的一块泥板描绘了第一个日全食的事实,这是有记录以来最早的日全食。故选D项。2.HowdoestheauthordevelopParagraph2?A.Bylistingstatistics.B.Bygivingdefinitions.C.Bygivingexamples.D.Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第二段“日食是一种特殊的现象,被称为凌日和掩星,在这种现象中,一个介入的天体阻挡了来自恒星的光到达观测者。如果阻塞体在天空中看起来比恒星小,结果就被称为凌日,看起来像一个穿过恒星表面的黑点。如果被遮挡的物体看起来比恒星大,恒星就会完全消失——这就是掩星。日全食就是掩星。”可知,第二段主要阐释了transit(凌日)和occultation(掩星)两种自然现象,对这两种现象给出了定义。故选B项。3.WhatcanwelearnabouttotalsolareclipsesfromParagraph3?A.Theirdurationisrelativelylonger.B.Theytakeplaceeverymonthactually.C.Theyarevisibleonlyfromanarrowpath.D.TheylooklikeabitetakenoutoftheSun.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段中“ThepathoftotalityacrossEarth’ssurfaceisnarrowandtheperiodshort(amaximumofjustoversevenandahalfminutes).(全食穿过地球表面的路径很窄,周期也很短(最长不过7分半钟)。)”可知,日全食穿过地球表面的路径很窄,周期也很短(最长不过7分半钟)。由此可推断,日全食可见的路径窄。故选C项。4.Whatmakestotalsolareclipsessorare?A.Themoving-awayMoon.B.ThestrongertideonEarth.C.ThesmallerattractionoftheMoonforEarth.D.ThechangingdistancebetweentheSunandEarth.【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第四段中“TidalfrictioncausestheMoontomoveawayfromEarthat3.8cmayear,makingitappearsmallerandsmallerinthesky.(潮汐摩擦使月球以每年3.8厘米的速度远离地球,使它在天空中显得越来越小。)”可知,潮汐摩擦导致月球逐渐远离地球,使其在天空中显得越来越小。由此可知,我们以后再想见到日全食将会越来越难。故选A项。【解锁阅读障碍】【熟词生义及低频词汇】熟词生义:orbitv.沿轨道运行,环绕……运行;使(卫星)进入轨道【长难句分析】Thefirstrecordofone,preservedonaclaytabletfoundatUgarit,onceatradecitybutdestroyedlaterinSyria,isbelievedfromitsageandlocationtodescribeeitheraneclipsethathappenedin1375BCoronein1223BC.【分析】本句是主从复合句。主句是Thefirstrecordofoneisbelievedtodescribeeitheraneclipseorone。其中,preservedonaclaytablet是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰Thefirstrecordofone;foundatUgarit是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰tablet;onceatradecitybutdestroyedlaterinSyria是Ugarit的同位语;thathappenedin1375BC是that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词eclipse。【翻译】最早的日食记录保存在乌加里特(Ugarit)的一块泥板上,乌加里特曾是叙利亚的一座贸易城市,但后来被毁。从它的年代和位置来看,人们认为它描述的是发生在公元前1375年或公元前1223年的一次日食。B(2025·山西模拟)AnewstudypublishedinFrontiersinImmunologytrackedhowzerogravityandcosmicrays(宇宙射线)affectedtheastronauts’healthduringtheirstaysaboardtheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS).Thestudy,writtenbyOdetteLaneuville,abiologistattheUniversityofOttawa,hasfoundasharpdropintheimmune(免疫的)functionof14astronautswithindaysoftheirarrivalatISS.Laneuvilledidn’tbeginherstudywithaninterestinspaceexploration.Instead,shewascuriousaboutthelossofmusclestrengthwhichoccursafteralongperiodofinactivityonEarth.ButshewasalarmedwhenshesawvideosofCanada’sfamousastronautChrisHadfieldafterhestayedatISSforsixmonths.Althoughresearchershadstudiedastronauts’immunefunctionatsinglepointsintime,shedecidedtoseehowtheimmunesystemadapted—ordidn’t—overlongertime.WithpermissionfromtheCanadianSpaceAgency,shestudied14astronautswhospentatleastsixmonthsonISS,collecting10bloodsamplesfromeachindividualbeginning90daysbeforedepartureandcontinuingthroughouttheyearaftertheyreturnedtoEarth.WithindaysofarrivalatISS,allparticipantsshowedasharpdeclineintheactivityoftheimmunesystem.AtmonthstwoandfouronISS,someofthesechangesbegantonormalize.Theydidn’treturntobaseline,however,untilseveralmonthsaftertheastronautsgothome.TofindoutwhytheimmunefunctionwentdownatISS,Laneuvilleexposedmicetosimilarcosmicraysthattheastronautssufferedatthespacestation.Herresearchhasshownthatthecosmicrayscausedchangestothemice’sabilitytorepairDNAanduseenergyeffectively.Evenmoreworrying,thechangespersistedformonthsaftertheywerenotexposedtocosmicrays.【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与自然(自然科学研究成果)语篇内容OdetteLaneuville通过老鼠实验发现宇宙射线影响宇航员免疫力,在空间站待较长时间的宇航员免疫能力下降。语篇结构Para.1AnewstudypublishedinFrontiersinImmunologytrackedhowzerogravityandcosmicraysaffectedtheastronauts’healthduringtheirstaysaboardtheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS).Para.2Laneuvilledidn’tbeginherstudywithaninterestinspaceexploration.Para.3Shedecidedtoseehowtheimmunesystemadapted—ordidn’t—overlongertime.Para.4ChangesinimmunesystemactivityinallparticipantsPara.5Herresearchhasshownthatthecosmicrayscausedchangestothemice’sabilitytorepairDNAanduseenergyeffectively.5.WhatwasLaneuvilleinterestedinbeforeshewatchedthevideos?A.Theimmunefunction.B.Cosmicrays.C.Thelossofmusclestrength.D.Zerogravity.【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段“Laneuvilledidn’tbeginherstudy...inactivityonEarth.(Laneuville并不是一开始就对太空探索感兴趣。相反,她对在地球上长时间不活动后肌肉力量的丧失感到好奇。)”可知,OdetteLaneuville之前致力于研究导致肌肉无力的原因。故选C。6.HowisLaneuville’sresearchdifferentfromthepreviousstudies?A.Byfocusingonsinglepointsintime.B.Byemployingapieceofuniqueequipment.C.Bymonitoringtheastronautsoverlongertime.D.Bycollectingmoreastronauts’bloodsamples.【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第三段“Althoughresearchershadstudied...overlongertime.(尽管研究人员已经研究了宇航员在单一时间点的免疫功能,但她决定看看免疫系统在更长时间内是如何适应或不适应的。)”可知,研究人员已经研究了单一时间下宇航员的免疫功能,Laneuville想对宇航员进行更长时间的监控,检测免疫功能。故选C。7.WhydidLaneuvilleexposemicetocosmicrays?A.Toincreasecosmicraysatthem.B.Totestwhethertheyareharmful.C.Toinventmoreeffectivetreatments.D.Tounderstandtheimmunesystem’schanges【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据最后一段“Tofindoutwhytheimmunefunction...atthespacestation.(为了找出为什么在国际空间站免疫功能会下降,Laneuville将老鼠暴露在与宇航员在空间站遭受的类似的宇宙射线中。)”可知,Laneuville把老鼠暴露在宇宙射线下是想找到宇航员免疫力发生变化的原因。故选D。8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ZeroGravityandCosmicRaysAreHarmfultoAstronautsB.ScientistsAreWorriedAbouttheAstronauts’HealthatISSC.OdetteLaneuvilleHasFoundOutaNewTreatmentforAstronautsD.AStudyShowsWhyCosmicRaysLeadtoDeclineintheImmuneFunction【解析】选D。标题归纳题。通读全文,尤其是最后一段“Herresearchhasshownthat...useenergyeffectively.(她的研究表明,宇宙射线改变了老鼠修复DNA和有效利用能量的能力。)”可知,文章讲述在宇宙空间站待的时间较长的宇航员免疫功能下降,Laneuville通过研究发现宇宙射线影响了免疫功能,因此推断D项“一项研究表明,为什么宇宙射线会导致免疫功能的下降”为最佳标题。故选D。【解锁阅读障碍】【熟词生义及低频词汇】1.熟词生义:sharpadj.(变化)急剧的;锋利的;急转弯的;清晰的,鲜明的;剧烈的,尖锐的;刺耳的;聪明的,敏锐的;(味道)浓烈的,辛辣的;时髦的adv.正点,准时;突然地,急剧地;音调偏高地2.inactivityn.不做任何事,不活动,不工作;不活泼;静止,休止状态;不放射性3.normalizev.正常化,正规化4.persistv.持续,继续存在【长难句分析】WithpermissionfromtheCanadianSpaceAgency,shestudied14astronautswhospentatleastsixmonthsonISS,collecting10bloodsamplesfromeachindividualbeginning90daysbeforedepartureandcontinuingthroughouttheyearaftertheyreturnedtoEarth.【分析】本句是一个主从复合句,主句是shestudied14astronauts。whospentatleastsixmonthsonISS是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词astronauts;collecting10bloodsamplesfromeachindividual和continuingthroughouttheyearaftertheyreturnedtoEarth是and连接的两个动词-ing形式短语作伴随状语;beginning90daysbeforedeparture是动词-ing形式短语作时间状语。【翻译】在加拿大航天局的许可下,她研究了14名在国际空间站上待了至少6个月的宇航员,从出发前90天开始,从每个人身上采集了10份血液样本,并在他们返回地球后的一年中继续采集。Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)(2024·浙江模拟)ThingsToRememberOnYourFirstSoloTravelAdventureIfyou’veeverthoughtaboutjusttakingatripyourselfinsteadofwaitingforsomeonetojoinyou,you’renotalone.9However,doyoucountyourselfamongthemanywhohavetriedit?Ifyou’replanningyourownsolotrip,herearefourimportantthingstokeepinmind.

10Sinceyou’retravelingsolo,howyouchoosetoexploreitisentirelyuptoyou.Thisisyourchancetodowhateveryouwantwheneveryouwantbecausethistime,you’rerunningtheshow.

Don’tbeafraidtotalktorandompeople.Thoughthereissomeonewhoposesathreat,it’simportanttorememberthatnoteveryoneisouttogetyou.11That’sbecauseyou’reanovelty,apersonfromanothercountrywhoisvisitingtheirs.Therefore,insteadofputtingonyourheadphonesorinstantlyseeingthemasweirdos,usethisspontaneouschatasachancetomeetthelocalsorgetrecommendationsforthingstododuringyourtrip.

It’sokaytohavebaddays.12Ithappensandit’scompletelyokaytotakesometimetoprocesswhateveritisyou’refeeling.Takeyourselftoamovieorspendthedaydoingsomethingrelaxinglikewritinginyourjournalorreadingonthebeach.

It’sokaytostartsmall.13Startbydoingastaycationinanotherpartoftown,spendingafewdaysinanewlocale,abusortrainrideaway.Justdowhateveryou’recomfortablewithandseehowitallfeelsforyou.

A.Youarethebossofyourownadventure.B.Youneedtomakeanunusualtravelchoice.C.It’snosecretthatsolotravelisontherise.D.Sometimesthingscangoincrediblywrong.E.Peoplelikeyousimplydon’tknowhowtostart.F.Mostofthetimepeoplearejustcuriousandtrytobefriendly.G.Remember,yourfirstsolotripdoesn’thavetobetoawholeothercontinent.【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与自我(健康的生活方式、积极的生活态度)语篇内容主要介绍了第一次独自旅行冒险时要记住的事情。语篇结构Para.1Ify