2026年高考英语终极冲刺：清单03 名词（抢分清单）（原卷版）

清单03名词专题名词可数名词变复数的规则变化1一般在词尾加-s2以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词后加-es(stomach除外)3以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词变-y为-i,再加-es;以元音字母+-y结尾的名词,在词尾直接+-s4以-o结尾的名词,一般在词尾加-s但在黑人(negro),英雄(hero),土豆(potato),西红柿(tomato)的词尾加-es5以-f或-fe结尾的名词,有的变-f或-fe为-v,再加-es,如：leaf→leaves,knife→knives,wife→wives,wolf→wolves；有的直接加-s，如：belief→beliefs,chief→chiefs,proof→proofs,roof→roofs,safe→safes二.可数名词变复数不规则变化1.单复数同形sheep→sheep,deer→deer,fish→fish;Portuguese→Portuguese,Chinese→Chinese,spacecraft—spacecraft2.以-man或-woman结尾的,将-man和-woman分别改为-men,-womengentleman—gentlemen;Englishman—Englishmenpoliceman—policemen;chairwoman—chairwomenbusinessman—businessmen;craftsman—craftsmen注意：German→Germans3.在词尾加-ren或-enchild→children,ox→oxen4.改变名词中的元音字母或变为其他形式foot→feet,goose→geese;mouse→mice;medium→media;phenomenon→phenomena;analysis—analyses；basis—bases；crisis—crises；thesis—theses5.常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。固定短语中的名词只用复数形式taketurnstodosth，inhighspirits，makefriendswith，shakehandswith，makepreparationsfor，make(both)endsmeet，takepainstodo不可数名词1.不可数名词没有复数形式,也不可以与不定冠词连用。最常见的不可数名词有:fun,baggage,change(零钱),furniture,hair,homework,information,knowledge,luggage,money,news,progress,traffic等。2.不可数名词的量有两种表示方法:①用some,much,alittle,alotof,abitof,plentyof等表示多少。注意:既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plentyof,some,alotof,lotsof,mostof等。②用单位词表示,用a...of表示。四.不可数名词与可数名词的转化1.有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以转化为可数名词。特殊物质名词的数量表示:当要表示“一场/段/件/种……”等意思时,某些物质名词前可用不定冠词,但此时通常有形容词或of短语修饰。另外,表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea,coffee,drink,beer等,可以用a(n)或数词修饰,也有复数形式。如:2.有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词,但意思不同。如:work工作,awork一部著作;glass玻璃,aglass一个玻璃杯;wood木头,awood一片树林;room空间,aroom一间房间;paper纸,apaper一份试卷(文件、报纸等)等。五.抽象名词具体化1.表示情感、情绪的词,强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如下11个字:惊(surprise)、乐(pleasure)、幸(honour)、憾(pity)、傲(pride)、慰(comfort)、险(danger)、助(help)、成(success)、败(failure)、美(beauty)。2.表示“一次”“一场”“一段”等“一……”的概念,常与动词连用构成短语,名词前常有形容词修饰。如:haveagoodtime,haveawonderfulsupper,haveagoodknowledge/understandingof,haveapopulationof,coveranareaof,reachaheightof等。六.名词所有格1.用法口诀名词所有格,表物是“谁的”,若为生命词,加’s即可行,词尾有s,仅把逗号择;并列名词后,各自和共有,前者分别加,后者最后加;若为无生命词,of所有格,前后须倒置,此是硬规则。2.特殊形式1.并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：KateandMary’sroom凯特和玛丽共有的房间;Kate’sandMary’srooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间2.表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：atthedoctor’s(office)在(医生的)诊所里atthebarber’s(shop)在理发店;atMrGreen’s(house)在格林先生家七.名词的构词法1.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-alapprove赞成→approval赞成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到达→arrival到达；到达者；到来物refuse拒绝→refusal拒绝propose提议→proposal提议；建议-ance/-enceappear出现→appearance出现；外貌perform表演→performance表演guide指引→guidance引导；指导exist存在→existence存在prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱refer参考；查阅→reference参考；查阅depend依靠→dependence依赖；依靠-ion/-tion/-ationdirect指挥；指导→direction方向；指导expect期待→expectation期待；期望invite邀请→invitation邀请；请柬solve解决→solution解决compete竞争→competition比赛；竞争describe描述→description描写repeat重复→repetition重复explain解释→explanation解释pronounce发音→pronunciation发音-s(s)iondiscuss讨论→discussion讨论admit承认→admission承认；准许加入decide决定→decision决定-inghear听→hearing听力；听觉listen听→listening听；听力-mentachieve达到；完成→achievement成就develop发展→development发展argue争论→argument争论；论据punish惩罚→punishment惩罚-ure/-turefail失败→failure失败press压；挤→pressure压力mix混合→mixture混合物expose暴露→exposure面临；暴露-yrecover恢复→recovery恢复；痊愈discover发现→discovery发现-er/-orteach教→teacher老师announce播报→announcer播音员conduct指导，指挥→conductor指挥；售票员其他常见变化choose选择→choice选择vary相异→variety多样化；品种tend倾向→tendency趋向；趋势grow生长→growth生长marry结婚→marriage婚姻pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-cyfluent流利的→fluency流利;流畅accurate准确的→accuracy准确(性)private私有的→privacy隐私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率-domfree自由的→freedom自由wise明智的→wisdom智慧-nessdark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虚弱的→weakness虚弱kind友好的→kindness善良cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠aware知道的；意识到的→awareness知道；意识-thwarm温暖的→warmth温暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strong强壮的→strength力量long长的→length长度wide宽的→width宽度-y/-ty/-itydifficult困难的→difficulty困难honest诚实的→honesty诚实safe安全的→safety安全cruel残忍的→cruelty残忍responsible负责的→responsibility责任-cedifferent不同的→difference不同(之处)silent沉默的；不说话的→silence寂静patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席confident自信的→confidence信心convenient方便的→convenience便利important重要的→importance重要(性)significant重要的，意义重大的→significance重要性，重大意义一.单项选择1.(2025天津高考第二次)Thechildrenareencouragedtofollowtheirnatural________,andlearnaboutwhatintereststhem.A.curiosity B.balance C.defence D.limitation二.语法填空1.(2025新高考I卷)Youtrytoleadtheopponentintoyourtrapandforcethemtofollowyour‘________(guide)’tilltheylose,”explainsWangWei,aGoplayeramongthevisitorstotheexhibition.2.(2025新高考II卷)Thesun-driedclothessmellespeciallypleasantwhereIlive,thankstothe________(absent)ofsmogandplentyofbluesky________(afternoon)withlotsoffreshair.3.(2025年1月浙江卷)Aspeoplenowchoosetowearmoreclothesfewer________(time),clothingrentalserviceshavebecomeincreasinglypopular.4.(2025年1月浙江卷)Tanya’sshopoffersfashionclothesforwomentorentratherthanpurchasethemoutright,providingalessexpensive________(solve)toone-timeeventdressing.5.(2025年1月浙江卷)Ireallywanttomakethisworkfor________(people)livestoday.1.根据所处位置判断是否填入名词形式。如谓语动词之前、介词之后、形容词之后、冠词或数词之后。2.单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。3.注意固定短语中名词的单复数。4.注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致。5.不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。时间：10分钟满分：20分得分：_______一.单项选择1.(2026届天津市滨海新区渤油一中下学期高三毕业班英语一考模拟)The________ofonlinelearningallowsstudentstostudyattheirownpaceandschedule.A.possibility B.stability C.flexibility D.reliability2.(2026届天津市滨海新区塘沽一中高三毕业班十二校联考(一))--Shefailedtogain________totheuniversityofherchoice.--,really?Nowondershelooksdepressedthesedays.A.reception B.admission C.rejection D.alternative3.(2026天津紫云中学2026届英语高考一考模拟试卷)Thecoachrepeatedlystressedthesignificanceof________intheteam,pointingoutthatindividualtalentaloneisnotenoughtowinabasketballgame.A.attraction B.cooperation C.decoration D.function4.(2026天津市东丽区天津市第一百中学高考第二次模拟考试)Someexpertsfearthattoo-early________tocomputerswillhaveharmfulconsequencesforchildren’sdevelopment.A.exposure B.extensionC.exhibition D.expansion5.(2026届天津南开中学高考英语首考冲刺练习(一)WehopethatAIintegrationintotheclassroombecomesaregularhappeningratherthanarare________.A.atmosphere B.release C.treat D.exception6.(2025-2026学年天津三校联考)Communicationcanhelpyougainmorerespectfromyourparents,andyoumaybeabletoreach________thatmakeeveryonehappy.A.compromises B.contributions C.congratulations D.competitions7.(2026届北京师范大学天津附属中学高三年级第二学期高考英语模拟)Intime,TangYingained________asoneofthegreatestartistsChinahaseverknown.A.liberation B.reputation C.expansion D.emission8.(2026天津市宁河区芦台第一中学第二学期第一次摸拟)AsfarasIknow,thenewmuseuminourcitydoesn’tchargefor________,soanyonecanvisititforfree.A.permission B.admission C.recognition D.consideration9.(2026天津市河东区天津市第五十四中学下学期开学考)—I’mthinkingofgoingawayafterChristmasforaweekorso.Somewherewarm,youknow.—Whatkindofprice________wereyouthinkingabout?Icanfindtheexactinformationforyou.A.variety B.rangeC.list D.level10.(2025-2026年度天津市津南区实验中学津南学校第二学期高三年级开学检测)Reformoftheevaluationprocessforeducationalperformanceisvitaltobalanced________ofeducationresources.A.transformation B.distribution C.reputation D.investigation二.语法填空1.(2026届河北省文安县第一中学高三下学期一模)InSept.,the2025ChinaInternationalOnlineLiteratureWeekopenedinHangzhou,bringingtogetherhundredsofwriters,critics,industryrepresentativesandcommunicationexpertsfromaroundtheworldtolookinto________(plan)forthepromotionoftheglobalreachofChineseonlineliterature.2.(2026届河北省文安县第一中学高三下学期一模)WhileAIcanboosttranslation________(efficient),“elegance”—the“ya”intheclassicChinesestandardoffaithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance—stillrequiresahumantouch.3.(2026届河南鹤壁市高中上学期规范化考试英语试卷(二)Ittooklongerthanexpected,theyfaceda________(short)offoodandoneoftheshipswasleakingbadly.4.(2026届湖南长沙市岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学高三英语周考)Thegradual________(withdraw)ofseawaterovertimeleftbehindsaltdeposits(沉积物)whichhavecreated227.330hectaresofsaline-alkalineland.5.(2026山东济南市高三4月阶段性检测)Itisnowanapttimetogoforaspring________(out).6.(026山东济南市高三4月阶段性检测)These________(scene)createamagnificentportraitofabeautifulChina.7.(2026届福建恒一教育集团高三毕业班四月质量检测)Event________(organizer)sharedtheirinsightsintoseveralkeyareas:8.(2026届福建恒一教育集团高三毕业班四月质量检测)Thedesigningphilosophydatingbacktothe________(evolve)ofpublicperception,thecustomizationofdigitalart,solidlybasedonXi’an’slocalculture,andthepotentialinteractionbetweentechnologyandart.9.(2026届云南昆明市第一中学高三3月复习诊断英语试题)InFebruary,severalgovernment________(agency)jointlyreleasedanactionplantoimprovetourismtrainservicesthatarefriendlytoseniors.10.(2026届江苏扬州市广陵区扬州市新华中学高三3月)Thetermfirstemergedin1956whenUniversityofChicagosociologistsobservedTVviewersengaginginparasocialrelationshipswithonscreenpersonalities,mirroringtheirbondswithfamilyand________(friend)—exceptthiswasaone-wayattachment.时间：10分钟满分：20分得分：_______一.单项选择1.Someexpertsfearthattoo-early________tocomputerswillhaveharmfulconsequencesforchildren’sdevelopment.A.exposure B.extensionC.exhibition D.expansion2.TaoYuanmingandHenryDavidThoreausharedanintenserespectfornature,whichmadethemeachaninfluential________oftheirtime.A.reputation B.figure C.reflection D.target3.The________systemdidn’tworkandthemissilecouldn’thititstarget.A.resistance B.guidance C.persistence D.assistance4.Everygreataccomplishmentrestsonthe________ofwhatcamebeforeit.Whenyoutraceitback,you’llseeasmallstepthatstarteditall.A.reputation B.expectation C.recreation D.foundation5.Technological________ineducationsuchasonlinecoursesandsocialnetworkingtoolsarehavingasignificantimpactoneducationalsystemsatalllevels.A.insights B.qualifications C.instructions D.innovations6.Bothsidesexpressedhopeforanearly________ofthedispute,aimingtopreventfurtherdelaysandmisunderstandings.A.conclusion B.completion C.resolution D.involvement7.Studentsareinformedinadvancethatall________fortheschoolmagazinemustbereceivedbySeptember1st.A.preferences B.preparations C.affections D.contributions8.Notonlycantheenvironmentofacountrysufferfromthesuddengrowthoftourismbutthepeoplealsorapidlyfeelits________.A.benefits B.contribution C.demand D.effects9.Anartmagazineisavailableforyoutoreadatyour________towidenyouroutlook.A.support B.approach C.leisure D.direction10.T