大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷366

大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试

卷366

一、长篇阅读（本题共30题，每题7.0分，共30分。）

WhenMomandDadGrowOldA）Theprospectoftalkingtoincreasinglyfragileparents

abouttheirfuturecanbe"oneofthemostdifficultchallengesadultchildrenwillever

face,"saysClarissaGreen,aVancouvertherapist."Peopleoftentellmetheydon'twant

toraisesensitiveissueswiththeirparentsaboutbringingincaregiversormoving,"she

says."They'llsay,'Idon'twanttoseedadcry."'ButGreenusuallyresponds,"What's

wrongwiththat?"Adultchildren,shesaysneedtotrytojointheirparentsingrieving

（heirdecline,acknowledgetheirlivingarrangementsmaynolongerworkand,if

necessary,helpthemsaygoodbyetotheirbelovedhome."It'ssad.Andifssupposedto

be.It'saboutdeathitself."B）Therearealmostfourmillionmenandwomenoverage65

inCanada.Nearlytwothirdsofthemmanagetopatchtogetherenoughsupport——from

family,friends,privateandgovernmentservices—toliveindependentlyuntilvirtuallythe

daytheydie,accordingtoStatisticsCanada.C）OftheCanadianseniorswholiveto85

andover,almostoneinthreeendupbeingmoved—sometimeskicking—togroupliving

forthelastyearsoftheirlives.Eveninthebest-casescenarios（可能出现的情况）,such

dislocationscanbringsorrow."Oftenthefamilyfeelsguilty,andtheseniorfeels

abandoned",saysCharmaineSpencer,aprofessorinthegerontologydepartmentof

SimonFraserUniversity.Harassedwiththeirowncareersandchildren,adultchildren

maypushtheirparentstoofasttomakeamajortransition.D）ValMacDonald,executive

directoroftheB.C.SeniorsServicesSociety,cautionsadultchildrenagainstimposing

theirviewsonagingparents."Manybabyboomerscanbequitepatronizing（高人一等

的）Jshesays.Likemanywhoworkwithseniors,Macdonaldsuggestsadultchildren

devotemanyconversationsoveralongperiodoftimetocollaboratingontheirparents1

future,raisingfeelings,questionsandoptions—gently,butfrankly.However,many

middle-agedadults,accordingtothespecialists,justmuddle（应付）throughwiththeir

agingparents.E）WhentheparentsofNancyWoodsofMulniurHills,Ont.,wereintheir

mid-80s,theymadethedecisiontodownsizefromtheirlargefamilyhometoan

apartmentinToronto.AsWood*sparents,GeorgeandBernice,becamefrailer（更虚弱

的）,shebelievedtheyknewshehadtheirbestinterestsatheart.Theyagreedtoher

suggestiontohavemealsonWheelsstartdeliveringlunchesanddinners.However,years

later,afteracrisis,Woodsdiscoveredherparentshadtakentothrowingouttheprepared

meals.Herdadhadappreciatedthem,butBernicehadcometobelievetheywere

poisoned."Myfatherwassoloyal,"saysWoods,"hehadhidthatmymotherwas

overwhelmedbyparanoia（偏执狂）."Toherhorror,Woodsdiscoveredherdadandmom

wereHliving.oncrackersandoatmealporridge'*andwereweakeningfromthe

impoverisheddiet.Herdadwasalsofallingapartwiththestressofprovidingfor

Bernice—acommonproblemwhenonespousetriestodoeverythingforanailing

partner."Thespousewho'sbeingcaredformightbedoingwellathome,"saysSpencer,

"butoftentheotherspouseisburnedoutandendsupbeinghospitalized."F）Fortunately,

outsidehelpisoftenavailabletopeoplestrugglingthroughtheoften-distressingprocess

ofhelpingtheirparentsexploreanimportantshift.Sonsanddaughterscanbringin

brochuresorbooksonseniors'issues,aswellasintroducegovernmenthealth-care

workersorstaffatvariousagencies,tohelpraiseissuesandopenupdiscussions,says

VaiMacdonald,whosenonprofitorganizationrespondstothousandsofcallsayearfrom

BritishColumbiansdesperatefbrinformationabouthowtoweavethroughthedizzying

arrayofseniorsservicesandhousingoptions.Thelonglistofthingstodo,says

MacDonald,includesassessingtheirabilitytoliveindependently;determiningyour

comfortlevelwithsuchthingsasbathingaparent;discussingwithallhousehold

memberswhetheritwouldbehealthyforanelderlyrelativetomovein;monitoring

whether,outofpureduty,you'reovercommittingyourselftoprovidingalevelofcare

thatcouldthreatenyourownwell-being.G）TheshockphonecallthatflungNancy

Woodsandherparentsintoactioncamefromherdesperatedad."Igotthiscallfrom

fatherthathecouldn'tcopeanymore.Mymotherwassettingfiresintheapartment,"she

says."Hedidn'twanttoseeitforwhatitwas.Uptothenhe'dbeenindenial."Without

knowingshewasfollowingtheadviceofexpertswhorecommendusingoutsidesources

tostimulatefrankdiscussionwithparents,WoodsgrabbedacopyofThe36-HourDay:

Afamilyguidetocaringfbrpersonswithalzheimerdisease,relateddementingillness,

andmemorylossinlaterlife.Shereadsectionsofthebooktoherdadandaskedhim,

"Whodoesthatsoundlike?"Herfatherreplied,"It'smother.It'sdementia（痴呆）Atthat

point,Woodssaid,herdadfinallyrecognizedtheirtragicplight（困境）.Shetoldherfather

shewouldhelpthemmoveoutoftheirapartment."Henodded.Hedidn'tyellorroar.He

tookitonthechin（忍受痛苦）H）Woodsregretsthatshe"hadnotnoticedsmalldetails

signalingmom'sdementia."Butshe'ssatisfiedherdadacceptedhispassageintoagroup

residence,whereheandhiswifecouldstaytogetherinasecureunitwherestaffwere

trainedtodealwithpatientswithdementia."Fromthemomenttheymovedintothe

Torontonursinghome,theirphysicalhealthimproved.Ontheotherhand,itwasthe

beginningoftheendinlenn'softheirnienlalabilities.Perhapstheycouldn'tgetenough

stimulation.Perhapsitwasinevitable.*'I）Aftermyfatherdiedin2002,thegrimrealityof

mymother'ssharplydecliningmemorysetinstarkly.Withherexpandingdementia,mom

insistedonstayinginherlargeNorthShorehouse,eventhoughshewascontusedabout

howtocook,organizeherdayortakecareofherself.Forthenextthreeyearswe

effectivelyimposeddecisionsonher,mostoftheminvolvingbringingincaregivers,

includingfamilymembers.In2005momfinallyagreed,althoughshebarelyknewwhat

washappening,tomovetoanearbynursinghome,where,despitegreatconfusion,sheis

happier.AsSpencersays,thesenseofdislocationthatcomeswithmakinganimportant

passagecanbe"averyhardadjustmentforasenioratthebestoftimes.Butit'sworseif

it'snotplannedout."

1、ClarissaGreensuggeststhatadultchildrenshouldtrytosharetheirfragileparents,

grievingfeelings.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：题干：ClarissaGreen建议成年子女应该努力去分担他们脆弱的父母

的悲伤的感情。题干关键词ClariissaGreen,sharegrievingfeelingso文中A段倒

数第三句提到，成年子女应该努力去理解他们父母因衰弱而产生的悲伤。与题干意

思吻合，故选A。

2、WhenNancyWoods'fathergottoknowtheirtragicsituation,hefinallymovedoutof

theirapartment.

标准答案：G

知识点解析：题干：当NancyWoods的父亲知道他们的悲惨境况时，最终同意搬

出他们的家。题干关键词NancyWoods,tragicplight和moveout0文中G段最后

三句提到，在那时，她的父亲终于发现她们的困境。她告诉父亲。她会帮他们搬出

去。他点头问意，也没有大呼大叫。与题干意思吻合，故选G。

3、WhenNancyWoods'parentsreachedtheirmid-80s,theymovedintoanapartment.

标准答案：E'

知识点解析：题干：当NancyWoods的父母到85岁左右的时候，他们搬进了一家

公寓。题干关键词mid-BOs和movedinloanaparlment。文中E段第一句提到，当

Woods的父母85岁左右的时候，他们决定缩小他们的大家庭.搬到多伦多的一所

公寓。与题干吻合，故选E。

4、Despiteknowingliltleaboutwhatwashappening,hismotherlivedmorehappilyina

nearbynursinghome.

标准答案：

知识之解析I：题干：尽管不知道发生了什么，但是作者的母亲在附近的一个养老院

里生活得更开心了。题干关键词knowinglittle和happilyinanearbynursinghome。

文中I段倒数第三句提到，让作者迷惑的是，在养老院，她更加开心了。与题干意

思吻合故选L

5、VaiMacDonald'sorganizationisnon-profitandhelpsadultchildrencopewiththeir

agingparentissuesthroughphonecalls.

标准答案；F

知识点解析：题干：VaiMacDonald的组织是非营利性的，旨在通过电话帮助成年

子女解决他们年纪大了的父母的问题。题干关键词VaiMacDonald'sorganization,

non-profit和phonecalls0文中F段第二句话的后半句，VaiMacdonald的非营利性

组织，每年回复数以千计的电话，提供关于如何应对让人头晕眼花的老年问题和房

子买卖权。与题干意思吻合，故选F。

6、Understressfromtheirowncareersandchildren,adultchildrenwillalwayspush

theirparentstogroupliving.

标准答案：C

知识点葡析：题干：在来自职业和孩子的压力下。成年子女更想要父母去过一种集

体生.活。题干关键词Understress,careersandchildren和grouplivingo文中C段最

后一句提到，被工作和孩子烦扰的成年子女，可能会像要改变生活而把父母赶出家

门。题干是让父母去过集体生活•，是文中最后一句话的同义转述，故选C。

7、MostCanadianseniorsolderthan65liveindependentlyuntiltheydie,Statistics

Canada,reported.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：题干：根据数据加拿大的报道，大部分加拿大超过65岁的老年人独

立生活直到去世。题干关键词StatisticsCanadafDolderthan65。文中B段提到。加

拿大很多65岁以上的人依靠各方面的帮助，独自生活，直到去世。题干是B段的

高度概括.故选B。

8、VaiMacDonaldhopesbabyboomersnottoforcetheirparentstounderstandtheir

ideas.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：题干：VaiMacDonald提醒婴儿潮出生的一代人不要强迫父母理解他

们的想法。题干关键词VaiMacDonald,babyboomers,force和accepttheir

viewso文中D段第一句和第二句提到，VaiMacDonald提醒成年子女不要强迫年

迈的父母接受他们的观点。与题干意思吻合.故选D。

9、SinceNancyWoods'parentsmovedintotheTorontonursinghome,theybecame

physicallyhealthier,buthadnewproblemswiththeirmentalabilities.

标准答案：H

知识点解析：题干：自从NancyWoods的父母搬进了多伦多的养老院，他们感觉

身体上更健康了，但是又有了新的精神方面的问题。题干关键词NancyWoods,

Torontonursinghome,physicallyhealthier和mentalabilities©文中H段倒数第三句

和第四句提到，自从父母搬到多伦多的养老院后，他们的健康状况变好了。另一方

面，精神方面的问题却接踵而至。与题干意思吻合，故选H。

10、Whenhermothersetfiresintheapartment,NancyWoods,fathercouldn'thandleit.

标准答案：G

知识点解析：题干：当她的母亲在公寓放火时，NancyWoods的父亲没有办法去处

理了。题干关键词setfires。文中G段前三句提到，Nancy接到父亲的电话，说母

亲在公寓放火，他已经绝望了。题干是这三句话的概括，故选G。

HeDrewlikeanAngelA)ThroughouthislifeLeonardodaVinciwastroubledbya

senseoffailure,in-completionandtimewasted.Hisfavoritephrase,unconsciously

repeatedinwholeorinpartwheneverhewrotesomethingtoseeifanewlycutpenwas

working,was"Tellme,tellmeifanythinggotfinished,"Andindeedverylittledid.His

bigprojectsforsculpturewerenevercompleted—thehugeclaymodelfbroneofthem,

meanttocommemoratehispatronLudovicoSforza,dukeofMilan,endedupashapeless

mound,shottopiecesbyoccupyingFrencharchers.Hisbigwallpainting

commemoratingaFlorentinevictory,TheBattleofAnghiariarson,becameawreckand

waspaintedover.LittlesurvivesofhisLastSupperinMilan.Andsothesadcatalogof

rainandlossgoeson.B)Heneverfoundtimetoeditthefascinatingmassofhiswritings

intobooks.Hisengineeringandhydraulicprojectseitherfailedorwerenotstarted.Very

fewofhismachineswouldhaveworkedeither.Probablynoteventhetanksthathehoped

wouldcreeplikefatalsnailsacrossthebattlefieldsofnorthemItalywouldhaveharmed

anyone,evenassumingthattheirsweatingandstrainingoccupantscouldhavegottheir

wheelstogoroundatall,whichisbeyondprobability.C)WerememberLeonardoasa

painter,draftsman,sculptor,architectandscientist.Yetifoneistojudgebytheself-

advertisingletterhesent(oSforzainMilanin1481,hedicin'testimatehisskillsthat

way.Beforeanythingelse,helistedhisstrategicskill:hecoulddesignportablebridges,

drains,bombardstrongholds,designcannons,makefireproofships,andsoonandon.

NotuntilitemNo.10,thelastonlist,didhegetaroundtosayingthatinpaintingtoohe

could"doeverythingpossibleaswellasanyother."Theremayhavebeenasimple

reasonforthis,sincebeingamilitaryengineerwasprobablymoreprofitablethanbeinga

painter,butthisimageisstillvastlyunliketheartistwcthinkoftodayasLeonardo.D)

Threethings,however,canbesaidwithouthesitationaboutLeonardo.Thefirstisthathe

wasnota"Renaissanceman".Hedidnottypifyhistime.ManyartistsintheRenaissance

worked,asLeonardodid,inawidevarietyofmedia:drawing,painting,sculpture,

architectureandsoforth.None,however,noteventhegreatLeonBattistaAl-berti,had

Leonardo'ssurprisingandunsatisfiedcuriosityaboutthemakeupandgoverninglawsof

thephysicalworldorspentsomuchtimeandenergythinkingaboutthem.E)Thesecond

thingis,obviously,thathecoulddrawlikeanangel.Theideathathewas"thegreatest"

Italiandraftsmanofhistime(bornin1452,hediedataconsiderableageinexilein

Francein1519)isessentiallymeaningless,becausethelate15thandearly16thcenturies

werefullofamazingperformersonpaper.Butnotevencontemporarieslike

Michelangelowereabletoexceed,orregularlyrival,h：masamasterofthekindof

expressiveanddescriptivelinethatoneseesinsuchdrawingsofhisasthestudiesfor

equestriansculpture(骑上雕塑)orinhissurprisinganalysesofhumanboneandmuscle

structure—thoughsomeofthem,ofcourse,wereartistswithverydifferentaims.F)The

thirdthingisthatLeonardowasoneoftheleasttransparentartistsand,giventhe

enormouslossesandgapsinwhatweknowabouthim,itisuselesstohopethatany

exhibitioncouldsumhimup.Hewasconflicted,andalmostincrediblyhardtogetat.Itis

nottrue,however,thathisfamousbackwardwritingwasanattempttocoverthesecrets

ofhisresearchesfrompryingeyes.ThisaspectoftheLeonardo"mystery"isnota

mysteryatall,becausehewasleft-handed,anditwasnaturalforhimtowritethatway.

Still,wasthereeveranartistwhowastroubledbydestruction—anditwasarealtrouble,

notjustan"asifinterest?NotuntilLeonardo-andnotafterhimeither,oneistemptedto

add.Hethoughtalotaboutchaosandsocialcollapsewithgreatdelight:theendofthe

worldwashisprivatehorrormovieorwouldhavebeenifthe15thcenturyhadhad

movies.G)Wordshadnoframeforthis,soLeonardohadtocontenthimselfwithhis

drawings.Throughouttheshowoneseesanabsolutemasteryoftheprocessesof

drawing:themakingofmarksbutalsothemakingoftheinstrumentswithwhichtomake

them.Inthe15thcenturyonedidnotwalkintoashopandbuyapencil.Onehadtomake

thesilver-pointofcharcoal.Onehadtocutthepenandshapeitspoint.Allofthiswas

woundinwiththetechniqueofdrawingandhelpedtodetermineitsintensity.Thatisone

ofthereasonswhysmalldrawings(andmostofLeonardo'sdrawingsweresmall,insome

caseshardlymorethanthumbnailsketches)canbejustlikehandwriting.H)Thereare

someamazinglyuglysubjects,liketheimaginaryBustofGrotesqueManinProfile

FacingtotheRight.Leonardodelightedinthese.Thepleasurethathetookinhuman

uglinesswasalmostasintenseasthedelightaffordedhimbybeauty.Granted,cosmetic

considerationswerelesstotheforein16thcenturyEuropethantheywouldbefour

centurieslater.Granted,socialattitudestowardtherepellentaspectsofoldagewere

different.Andyetitisdifficulttolookathisnumerousdrawingsofhorribly,uglyold

people—whichwouldbecopiedbyotherartistsandwouldmakeafinalappearance

duringtheVictorianAgeinthetriumphantlyhideousimageoftheRedQueeninAlicein

Wonderland—withoutsensingthatLeonardo'speculiarimaginationisatabitremove

fromours.I）Heissaying,"Idealizeasmuchasyouwant,butavoiddenial."The

necessaryothersideoftheidealbeautyofLeonardo'sMonaLisaorCeciliaGalleraniwas

theuglinessofhisgrotesqueries（怪诞派作品）一anuglinessthatendsallpossibilityof

desireandhassomethingevil,notjustmedical,aboutit.Toseehisgrotesquesasthe

mereplayofamindmixedwithsadism（虐待）istomisunderstandthem.Theyarean

essentialpartoftheimpulsethatturnedLeonardotowardanattachmenttobeautyasa

kindofsavingprinciple.

11>Hehasfascinatingmassofhiswritings,buthenevereditedthemintobooks.

标准答案：B--

知识点解析：题干：他有很多迷人的篇章，但是从来没有把它们整理成书。题干关

键词fascinaling,wrilings和books。文中B段第一句提到，他从来没有时间把他迷

人的篇章编辑成书。与题干意思吻合，故选B。

12、Humanuglinesscanbringhirnasintensepleasureasthedelightaffordedhimby

beauty.

标准答案：H

知识点解析：题干：人类的丑陋带给他的快乐就和美的东西带来的愉悦一样强烈。

题干关键词humanugliness,intensepleasure和delight。文中H段第三句提到，他

从人类丑恶中得到乐趣和从美的东西获得的乐趣一样强烈。与题干意思吻合，故选

Ho

13、Leonardowasnotasuccessfulmachineinventor.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：题干：列奥纳多不是一个成功的机械发明家。题干关键词successful

和machineinventor。文中B段第二句和第三句提到，他的设计和水利项目不是失

败了，就是没有开始。池的很多机械也没做成功。与题干意思吻合，故选B。

14>Leonardosaidhewasbestatstrategicdesigning,maybebecausethisismore

profitablethanpainting.

标准答案：C、

知识点解析：题干：列奥纳多说自己最擅长战略设计，可能是因为这个比绘画有更

多利润。题干关键词strategicdesigning,profitable和painting。文中C段提到了,

列奥纳多对自己的评价，说他很擅长造轻便的桥、排水管等，最后才说他会绘画。

最后一句提到，有个可能的原因是战略设计比绘画利润高。与题T意思吻合，故

选C。

15、NobodyhadLeonardo'ssurprisingcuriosityaboutgoverninglawsofthephysical

worldorspentsomuchtimethinkingaboutthem.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：题干：没有人像列奥纳多一样，有对掌控物质世界法则的好奇心或者

花那么多时间去考虑他们。题干关键词surprisingcuriosity,lawsofthephysical

world和thinkingabout。文中D段最后一句提到，没有人，就算是伟大的莱昂-巴

莱斯塔-阿尔贝蒂也没有像莱奥纳多那样，对物质世界的构成及控制法则有如此惊

人的好奇心，或者花费那么多时间和精力去考虑它们。与题干意思吻合，故选D。

16、Themakingoftheinstrumentshelpstodetermineitsintensity,andthatisoneofthe

reasonssmalldrawingcanbejustlikehandwriting.

标准答案：G

知受点解析：题干：工具的制作可以决定它的强度。而这正是小的绘画可以像铅笔

绘画那样的一个原因。题干关键词makingoftheinstruments,intensity,thereasons

和handwriting。文中G段提到，工具的制作同样也是绘画的一个重要环节，最后

一句提到，这就是为什么小幅绘画看上去能够像手工画一样，而原因就是前面提到

的使用铅笔绘画。与题干意思吻合，故选G。

17、ThehugeclaymodelwasamonumentforLeonardoVenci'spatronLudovico

Sforza.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：题干：巨大的黏土模型是莱奥纳多-达-芬奇给他的赞助人卢多维科・斯

福尔扎做的纪念碑。题干关键词hugeclaymodel,monument和LudovicoSforzao

文中A段第四句提到，莱奥纳多的雕塑项目之-------个巨大的泥塑模型，是为

了纪念他的赞助者卢多维科-斯福尔扎。与题干意思吻合，故选A。

18、MichelangelowasoneofthefamousartistsofLeonardo'stime.

标准答案：E

知识点点析：题干：米开朗基罗是列奥纳多时期非常著名的艺术家之一。题干关键

词米开朗基罗。文中E或第三句提到，即使是像米开朗基罗这样与莱奥纳多同时

代的人也不能超过他或者与他匹敌。由此可知，米开朗基罗是当时有名的艺术家。

与题干意思吻合，故选E。

19、FromLeonardo'sworks,onecannotonlyseehispursuitforbeautybutalsocansee

theuglinessofhisgrotesqueries.

标准答案：I

知识点解析：题干二从莱奥纳多的作品中，人们不仅可以看到他对美的追求，也可

以找到他的怪诞绘画中的H陋。题干关键词pursuitforbeauty,ugliness和

grotesquerieso文中I段第二句提到，莱奥纳多的《蒙娜丽莎》或《切奇利娅•加莱

拉尼》都具有理想化的美丽，而美丽的另一面必然是他的怪诞画作的丑陋。与题干

意思吻合，故选I。

20Leonardo'sfamousbackwardwritingisnotamystery;itwasbecausehewasleft­

handed.

标准答案：F

知识点解析：题干：莱奥纳多著名的倒写并不是一个秘密，只是因为他是左撇子。

文中F段第四句和第五句提到，他的倒写是为了掩盖一些秘密的说法是不正确

的。原因是他是个左撇子，自然就会那样写。与题干意思吻合，故选F。

WanttoKnowYourDiseaseRisk?CheckYourExposomeA）Whenitcomestohealth,

whichismoreimportant,natureornurture?Youmayvzcllthinkyourgenesarcamore

importantpredictorofhealthandillhealth.Notsofast.Infact,ittranspires（得知）lhatour

everydayenvironmentoutweighsourgenetics,whenitcomestomeasuringourriskof

disease.Thegenome（染色体组，基因组）isout—welcometheexposome（环境暴露）.

B）"Thcexposomerepresentseverythingapersonisexposedtointheenvironment,that's

notinthegenes,"saysStephenRappaport,environmentalhealthscientistatthe

UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Thatincludesstress,diet,lifestylechoices,

recreationalandmedicinaldruguseandinfections,tonameafew."Thebigdifferenceis

thattheexposomechangesthroughoutlifeasourbodies,dietsandlifestyleschange,'*he

says.Whileourunderstandingofthehumangenomehasbeengrowingatan

exponential迅速发展的）raleoverthelastdecade,itisnotashelpfulaswehopedin

predictingdiseases.HGenesonlycontribute10percenttotheoveralldiseaseburden,"

saysRappaport."Knowinggeneticriskfactorscanproveabsolutelyfutile（无用的）says

JeremyNicholsonatImperialCollegeLondon.HepointstoworkbyNinaPaynteratthe

BrighamandWomensHospitalinBoston,whoinvestigatedtheeffectsof101genetic

markersimplicatedinheartdisease.Afterfollowingover19,000womenfor12years,she

foundthesemarkerswerenotabletopredictanythingabouttheincidenceofheart

diseaseinthisgroup.C）0ntheotherhand,theimpactofenvironmentalinHuencesisstill

largelyamystery."There'sanimbalancebetweenourabilitytoinvestigatethegenome

andtheenvironment/'saysChrisWild,directoroftheInternationalAgencyforResearch

onCancer,whocameupwiththeideaoftheexposome.Inreality,mostdiseasesare

probablycausedbyacombinationofthetwo,whichiswheretheexposomecomesin.

"Theideaistohaveacomprehensiveanalysisofaperson'sfullexposurehistory,1'says

Wild.Hehopesabetterunderstandingofexposureswillshedabrighterlightondisease

riskfactors.D）Therearelikelytobecriticalperiodsofexposureindevelopment.For

example,thelimefrombirthto3yearsofageisthoughttobeparticularlyimportant.

"Weknowthatthisisthetimewhenbrainconnectionsaremade,andthatifyouare

obese（过度肥胖的）bythisage,you'llhaveproblemsasanadult,"saysNicholson.In

theory,abloodorurinesampletakenfromanindividualcouldprovideasnapshotof

whatthatpersonhasbeenexposedto.Buthowdoyouworkoutwhatfingerprints

chemicalsmightleaveinthebody?Thetaskisnotasformidable（艰难的）asitsounds.

Forastart,researcherscouldmakeuseofswatches（样本）ofbio-bankinformationthat

hasalreadybeencollected."Therehasbeenahugeinternationalfundingeffortinadult

cohorts（一群）liketheUKBio-bankalready,"saysWild."Ifweimprovedanalysis,we

couldapplyittothesegroups."E）Severalteamsarealsoworkingtowardsdeveloping

wearabledevicestomeasurepersonalexposuretochemicalsintheenvironment."Wecan

putchemicalsincategories,"saysRappaport."Wecouldstartbyprioritizingtoxic

chemicals,andlookformarkersofthesetoxinsintheblood,whilehormonesandmetals

canbemeasureddirectly/'Rappaportislookingatalbumin（白蛋白）,acommonproteinin

thebloodthattransportstoxinstotheliverwheretheyareprocessedandbrokendown.

Hewantstoknowhowitreactswitharangeofchemicals,andismeasuringtheproducts.

"Youcangetafingerprint—adisplayofalltheproductsanindividualhasbeenexposed

to."F）Bycombiningthisinformationwithanenhancedunderstandingofhowexposure

affectshealth,theexposomecouldhelpbetterpredictaperson'struediseaserisk.And

weshouldn'thavetowaitlong—Rappaportreckonswecanreapthebenefitswithina

generation.Tothisend,theUSNationalInstitutesofHealthhassetupanexposure

biologyprogram."We'relookingforinteractionsbetweengenesandexposuretowork

outanindividual'sriskofdisease,"saysDavidBalshaw,whomanagestheprogram."It

wouldallowyoutolailor［使合适）lhetherapeuticresponsetothatperson'srisk."An

understandingofthisinteraction,reflectedinaperson'smetabolic（新陈代谢

的）profiles（数据图表），mightalsohelppredicthowtheywillrespondtoadrug.

Nicholsonhasbeenlookingforcluesinmetaboliteprofilesofurinesamples.G）Last

year,hisresearchgroupusedtheseprofilestopredicthowindividualswouldmetabolise

paracetamol（扑热息痛）."Itturnedoutthatgut（肠子）microbes（微生物）werevery

important,"saysNicholson."We'veshownthatthepre-doseurinarymetaboliteprofile

couldpredictthemetabolismofpainkillingdrugs,andThereforepredictdrugtoxicity."

Thefindingssuggestthatmetabolicprofilesofexposurecouldhelpdoctorstailor

therapiesandenablethemtoprescribepersonalizedmedicines.JustinStebbingat

ImperialCollegeLondonhasalreadyshownthatmetabolicprofilesofwomenwithbreast

cancercanpredictwhowillrespondtocertaintherapies.Itisearlydays,buttheinitial

findingslookpromising.'We'rereachingthepointwherewe'recapableofassessingthe

exposome,"saysBalshaw.Withtheimplicationsforunderstandingdiseasecausesand

risks,andarealprospectofdevelopingpersonalizedmedicine,theexposomeisshowing

morepromisethanthegenomealready,headds.H）Howdocsairpollutionorstressleave

atraceintheblood?TheUSNationalInstitutesofHealthinBethesda,Maryland,is

tryingtofindout.OnegroupfundedbytheNIHandledbyNongjianTaoatArizona

StateUniversity'sBiodesignInstituteinTempreisdevelopingwearablewirelesssensors

tomonitoranindividual'$exposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.Tao'steamstartedby

creatingsoftwareforWindowsphones（视窗话筒）,buttheyarcworkingonapps（应用程

序）lhatcouldbeusedonanysmartphone.Intheory,anyonecouldpopon（戴）asensor

anddownloadanapptoreceivereal-timeinformationonexposuretoenvironmental

pollutants.Atthesametime,smartphonesmonitoringyourlocationcancombinethe

levelofpollutionwithanexacttimeandplace.TaopresentedhissensorattheCircuits

andSystemsforMedicalandEnvironmentalApplicationsWorkshopinYucatanMexico

lastweek.I）"We'renowmovingprototypes（原型，样品）intohumanstudies,and

progressingthoseprototypesintoproducts,"saysDavidBalshawoftheNIH.Earlierthis

year,Tao'sgrouptriedoutthesensoronindividualstakingastrollaroundLosAngeles,

California.Theywereabletomeasurehowexposuretopollutantschangedaseach

personwanderednearbusyroadsandpetrolstations.

21、Theoreticallyspeaking,wecanknowwhatonehasbeenexposedtofromhisblood

samples.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：题干：理论上来说，我们可以通过一个人的血液样本来判断他曾经待

在什么环境下。题干关键词Theoreticallyspeaking,exposed和bloodsamples。文中

D段第四句提到.从一个人身上提取的血样或者尿样，可以提供一个简单印象，那

个人到底曾经暴露在什么环境下。与题干意思吻合，故选D。

22>ChrisWildputforw