机构研究报告-Greenhouse gas emissions in India-外文版培训课件

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SOCIETYGreenhousegasemissionsinIndiaCHAPTER

01OverviewLargestcontributorstogreenhousegasemissionsworldwidein2023,bycountry(inbillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)Greenhousegasemissionsworldwide2023,bycountryEmissionsinGtCO₂e024681012141615.9418ChinaUnitedStatesIndia5.964.13EU-273.22Russia2.67Brazil1.31.2IndonesiaJapan1.041IranSaudiArabia0.813Description:Chinawastheworld'slargestcontributortoglobalgreenhousegasemissionsin2023,havingreleasedalmost16billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(GtCO₂e).China'sGHGemissionsin2023werealmostequaltothecombinedemissionsoftheUnitedStates,India,theEuropeanUnion,andRussia.Together,thesefiveeconomiesaccountedforroughly60percentofglobalGHGemissionsin2023.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):EDGAR/JRC;EuropeanCommission;Expert(s)(Crippaetal.);IEADistributionofgreenhousegasemissionsworldwidein2023,bymajoremitterGlobalannualGHGemissionsshares2023,bycountryShareofemissions15%0%5%10%20%25%30%30.1%35%ChinaUnitedStatesIndia11.3%7.8%EU-276.1%Russia5%Brazil2.5%4Description:Chinaaccountedfor30percentofglobalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsin2023,makingittheworld'slargestemitterbyfar.TheUnitedStatesandIndiafollowed.Combined,thesethreecountrieswereresponsibleforroughlyhalfofthe53billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(GtCO₂e)emittedin2023.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023;BasedonGHGemissionsof53GtCO₂e(Excl.LULUCF).Source(s):EDGAR/JRC;Expert(s)(Crippaetal.);IEAPercapitaemissionsofthelargestgreenhousegasemittersworldwidein2023,bycountry(inmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)Globalpercapitagreenhousegasemissions2023,bymajoremitterEmissionsinmetrictonsofCO₂equivalentpercapita051015202530SaudiArabiaRussia26.418.5UnitedStatesIran17.211.811.3BrazilChina9.8Japan8.3EU-276.96.8IndonesiaWorld6.7India2.95Description:SaudiArabiahadthehighestpercapitaemissionsamongtheworld'slargestGHGemittersin2023,at26.4metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(tCO₂e/cap).Thiswasroughlyfourtimesabovetheglobalaverage.RussiaandtheU.S.followed,withaverageemissionsof18.5and17.2tCO₂e/cap,respectively.Meanwhile,percapitaemissionsinIndia-theworld'sthird-largestGHGemitter-werewellbelowtheglobalaverage,at2.9tCO₂e.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.);OWIDCumulativecarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsfromfossilfuelsandlanduseworldwidefrom1850to2023,bycountry(inbillionmetrictons)GlobalcumulativeCO₂emissionsfromfossilfuelsandlanduse1850-2023,bycountryEmissionsinbillionmetrictonsFossil200Land-1000100300400500600UnitedStatesChinaRussiaBrazilIndiaGermanyIndonesiaUnitedKingdomCanadaJapan6Description:Bytheendof2023,theUnitedStateshademittedabout560billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(GtCO₂)since1850,makingitthelargestcontributortoglobalhistoricalemissionsbyfar.Justoverthree-quartersofthistotalwereemittedfromfossilfuels,cement,andotherindustrialprocesses,withtheremaningemissionsstemmingfromlandusechange.Since1850,fossilfuelsandcementproductionhaveaccountedforthemajorityofcumulativeemissionsincountriessuchasGermany[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1850to2023Source(s):GlobalCarbonProject;OWID;StatistaDistributionofhistoriccontributionstoglobalwarmingworldwidefrom1851to2023,bycountryorregionHistoriccontributionstoglobalwarmingworldwide1851-2023,bycountryorregionShareofwarming10%0%5%15%20%25%UnitedStates17.24%ChinaEU-2712.94%10.3%Russia6.79%India4.77%RestofG2022.25%RestofworldLeastdevelopedcountries19.51%6.2%7Description:TheUnitedStatescontributedroughly17percentofglobalwarmingfrom1851to2023.Bycontrast,Indiacontributedfivepercentofwarmingduringthisperiod,despitethecountryhavingafarlargerpopulationthantheUnitedStates.Intotal,G20countrieshavecontributedapproximatelythree-quartersofglobalwarmingtodate,whiletheleastdevelopedcountriesareresponsibleforjustsixpercent.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1851to2023Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.);OWID;StatistaCHAPTER

02GreenhousegasesAnnualgreenhousegasemissionsformajoreconomiesworldwidefrom2000to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)Globalgreenhousegasemissionsinselectedcountries2000-2023ChinaUnitedStatesEuropeanUnionJapanRussiaBrazilIndia16,00014,00012,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,00002000

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20239Description:Greenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfromtheworld'smajoreconomieshavefollowedverydifferentpathssincetheyear2000.TheUnitedStates,forexample,wastheworld'slargestGHGemitterthatyear,butoverthepasttwodecadestheNorthAmericancountryhasslasheditsemissionsbyroughly17percent.Meanwhile,GHGemissionsintheEuropeanUnionwere28percentbelow2000levelsin2023.Incomparison,China'semissionsgrewmyroughly163percentbetween2000and[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2000to2023;Includesland-UseandForestryChange(LUCFC)Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.);OWIDCarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsfromfossilfuelandindustrialpurposesinIndiafrom1970to2023(inmillionmetrictons)CO₂emissionsfromfossilfuelandindustrialpurposesinIndia1970-20233,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,00050001970

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202210Description:CarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfueluseandindustrialpurposesinIndiaincreased7.8percentin2023,toanewrecordhighof2.9billionmetrictons(GtCO₂).India'sannualfossilCO₂emissionshaveroughlytripledsincetheturnofthecentury,owingtothecountry'srapideconomicdevelopment.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1970to2023;Totalemissionsfromfossilfueluseandindustrialprocesses.Source(s):EDGAR/JRC;EuropeanCommission;Expert(s)(Crippaetal.);IEAPercapitacarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsfromfossilfuelsinIndiafrom1970to2023(inmetrictons)PercapitaCO₂emissionsinIndia1970-20232.52.01.51.00.50.01970

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202211/statistics/606019/co2-emissions-indiaPercapitacarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsinIndiahavesoaredinrecentdecades,climbingfrom0.4metrictonsperpersonin1970toahighof2.07metrictonsperpersonin2023.TotalꢀCO₂emissionsinIndiaalsoreachedarecordhighin2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;1970to2023;Emissionsfromfossilfueluseandindustrialprocesses.Source(s):EDGAR/JRC;EuropeanCommission;Expert(s)(Crippaetal.);IEAAnnualmethane(CH4)emissionsinIndiafrom1990to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)MethaneemissionsinIndia1990-20231,00095090085080075070065012Description:MethaneemissionsinIndiareachedanewhighof941millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e)in2023,havingincreased0.7percentfromthepreviousyear.MethaneemissionsinIndiahaverisenbyalmost40percentsince1990,withtheSouthAsiacountrynowthethird-largestemitterofmethaneworldwide.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1990to2023Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.);OWIDAnnualnitrousoxide(N2O)emissionsinIndiafrom1990to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)NitrousoxideemissionsinIndia1990-202330028026024022020018016014012010013Description:In2023,emissionsofnitrousoxides(N₂O)inIndiaincreased1.7percentyear-on-yeartoanewhighof289millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.India'snitrousoxideemissionshavealmostdoubledsince1990.ThemainsourceofnitrousoxideemissionsinIndiaistheagriculturesector.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1990to2023Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.);OWIDCHAPTER

03SegmentsDistributionofgreenhousegasemissionsinIndiain2023,bysectorDistributionofGHGemissionsinIndia2023,bysectorFluorinatedgases1.82%Buildings7.76%Mineralextraction0.77%Fossiloperations4.88%Waste3.98%Transportation5.71%Power33.44%Manufacturing16.11%Agriculture25.00%15Description:ThepowersectorwasresponsibleforthelargestshareofIndia'sgreenhousegasemissionsin2023,atroughly33percent(excludingLULUCF).Morethan95percentofIndia'spowersectoremissionsareproducedbycoal-firedpowerplants-thecountry'sprimarysourceofelectricitygeneration.Thesecond-largestcontributortogreenhousegasemissionsinIndiaisthecountry'simportantagriculturesector.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2023Source(s):ClimateTRACECarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsfromfossilfuelandindustrialpurposesinIndiafrom1970to2023,bysector(inmillionmetrictons)FossilCO₂emissionsinIndia1970-2023,bysectorPowerindustryIndustrialcombustionTransportationProcessesBuildingsFuelexploitationAgriculture1,6001,4001,2001,00080060040020001970

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202216Description:ThepowerindustrywasthebiggestcontributortoIndia'scarbondioxideemissionsin2023,havingproduced1.38billionmetrictons(GtCO₂).EmissionsfromIndia'spowerindustryhaveꢀtripledsince2000.TransportationemissionsinIndiahavealsoincreasedconsiderablysincetheturnofthecentury,andin2023reachedarecordhighof340GtCO₂.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1970to2023;Totalemissionsfromfossilfueluseandindustrialprocesses.Source(s):EDGAR/JRC;EuropeanCommission;Expert(s)(Crippaetal.);IEACarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninIndiafrom1960to2023,bytype(inmillionmetrictons)CO₂emissionsfromfossilfueluseinIndia1960-2023,byfueltypeGasOilCoal2,5002,0001,5001,0005000-50017Description:CoalcombustioninIndiaproduced2.03billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(GtCO₂)in2023.Thiswasanincreaseofaboutninepercentincomparisontothepreviousyear,andthelargestfigurerecordedduringtheperiodinconsideration.EmissionsfromcoalcombustioninIndiaarefarhigherthanthoseproducedbybothgasandoilcombustion.Infact,Indiaisthesecond-largestproducerofcoalemissionsworldwide,onlybehindChina.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1960to2023;BasedonterritorialemissionsfromcombustionandindustrialprocessesSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingsteinetal.(2023),AndrewandPeters(2023).);GlobalCarbonProjectCarbondioxideemissionsfromthemanufactureofcementinIndiafrom1960to2023(inmillionmetrictons)CO₂emissionsfromcementmanufacturinginIndia1960-202320018016014012010080604020018Description:CementmanufacturingemissionsinIndiahaveexperiencedasteepclimbinrecentdecades.In2023,figuresreachedahighof177millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(MtCO₂),upfromsome164MtCO₂inthepreviousyear.Indiaisthesecond-largestpolluterfromcementmanufacturingacrosstheglobe.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1960to2023Source(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingsteinetal.(2023),AndrewandPeters(2023).);GlobalCarbonProjectPowersectoremissionsinIndiafrom2000to2023,bysource(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)PowersectoremissionsinIndia2000-2023,bysourceBioenergyCoalGasHydroNuclearOtherFossil*SolarWind1,6001,4001,2001,00080060040020002000

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202319Description:India'spowersectoremissionsincreasedalmosteightpercentin2023toreacharecordhighof1.4billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(GtCO₂e).Coalpoweraccountedforroughly95percentofthistotal,at1.34GtCO₂e.Since2000,powersectoremissionsinIndiahavemorethantripled.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2000to2023Source(s):EmberMethane(CH4)emissionsinIndiain2023,bysector(inmillionmetrictons)MethaneemissionsinIndia2023,bysectorCH4emissionsinmillionmetrictons0246810121416182019.9222AgricultureWaste4.93FossilfueloperationsBuildings2.911.49Transportation

0.01Manufacturing0.09Power

0.0120Description:In2023,India'sagriculturesectorreleased20millionmetrictonsofmethaneintotheatmosphere.Thisaccountedforaround70percentofIndia'stotalmethaneemissionsthatyear.ꢀMethaneisapotentgreenhousegaswithaꢀglobalwarmingpotentialroughly30timesgreaterthancarbondioxideovera100-yearperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2023;ExcludingLULUCFSource(s):ClimateTRACECHAPTER

04KeypollutersGreenhousegasemissionsfromthemostpollutingphysicalassetsinIndiain2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)GHGemissionsfromthemostpollutingassetsinIndia2023,bysourceEmissionsinmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent051015202530VindhyachalThermalPowerStationAdaniMundraThermalPowerStationTataMundraUltraMegaPowerPlantSasanUltraMegaPowerPlantAnparaThermalPowerStationRPLJamnagarRefinery25.9925.2221.8421.6220.9120.2419.84JSWSteelVijayanagarsteelplantTataSteelJamshedpursteelplantTamnarpowerstation18.7618.56TirodaThermalPowerStation18.0222Description:TheVindhyachalSuperThermalPowerStationwasthehighest-emittingphysicalassetinIndiain2023,withestimatedemissionsof26ꢀmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e).TheVindhyachiSTPSisthelargestpowerplantinIndia,andoneofthemostpollutingpowerplantsworldwide.Combined,these10assetsproducedmorethan200MtCO₂ein2023.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2023Source(s):ClimateTRACEGreenhousegasemissionsfromthemostpollutingmanufacturingsectorfacilitiesinIndiain2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)ManufacturingsectorGHGemissionsinIndia2023,bykeyassetEmissionsinmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent0246810121416182019.8422JSWSteelVijayanagarsteelplantTataSteelJamshedpursteelplantSAILBhilaisteelplant18.7612.05VizagSteelplant12.0211.87ParadipFertilizerComplexSAILBokarosteelplant7.65JSWSteelDolvisteelplantSAILRourkelasteelplantJSPLOdishasteelplant7.416.546.186.05TataSteelKalinganagarsteelplant23Description:TheJSWSteelVijayanagarsteelplantwasthelargestsourceofgreenhousegasemissionsinIndia'smanufacturingsectorin2023,withestimatedemissionsofalmost20millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e).Combined,the10highest-emittingmanufacturingassetsinIndiawereestimatedtohaveproducedmorethan100MtCO₂ein2023.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2023Source(s):ClimateTRACEGreenhousegasemissionsfromthemostpollutingpowerplantsinIndiain2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)PowersectorGHGemissionsinIndia2023,bykeyassetEmissionsinmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent051015202530VindhyachalpowerstationAdaniMundraThermalPowerProjectTataMundraUltraMegaPowerProjectSasanUltraMegaPowerProjectAnparapowerstation25.9925.2221.8421.6220.91Tamnarpowerstation18.5618.02TirodaThermalPowerProjectRihandpowerstation16.3816.3816.27TalcherKanihaSuperThermalPowerStationSipatpowerstation24Description:TheVijayanagarcoal-firedpowerstationwasthemostpollutingpowerplantinIndiain2023,withestimatedemissionsof26millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e).Combined,India's10highest-emittingpowerplantsproducedmorethan200MtCO₂ein2023.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2023Source(s):ClimateTRACEGreenhousegasemissionsfromthemostpollutingfossilfueloperationsinIndiain2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)GHGemissionsofthemostpollutingfossilfueloperationsinIndia2023EmissionsinmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent0510152025RPLJamnagarRefineryGevraCoalMine20.246.035.93NayaraVadinarOilRefineryIOCParadipRefineryMangaloreRefinery4.454.45IOCLGujaratKoyaliRefineryBPCLKochiRefinery4.073.56IOCLPanipatRefineryDipkaCoalMine3.443.393.36GuruGobindSinghRefinery25Description:TheRPLJamnagarcrudeoilrefineryinGujaratproducedanestimated20.2millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e)in2023.ThismadeitthemostpollutingassetinIndia'sfossilfueloperationssector.TheGevracoalminefollowed,withemissionsofsixMtCO₂e.GevracoalmineisownedbyCoalIndiaLimited,whichisoneofthemostpollutingfossilfuelcompaniesintheworldbasedoncumulativeemissionssince1965.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2023Source(s):ClimateTRACECHAPTER

05OutlookAnnualclimatefinanceinIndiafrom2016to2021,withestimatedannualrequirementsby2030(inbillionU.S.dollars)AnnualclimatefinanceinIndia2016-2021180160140120100801705760454343402002117201620172018201920202021AnnualfinancerequiredtomeetNDCs(2015-2030)*27Description:AnnualclimatefinanceinIndiamorethantripledfrom2016to2021,to57billionU.S.dollars.However,estimatessuggestthatIndia’scumulativeclimatefinanceneedstoamounttosome2.5trillionU.S.dollarsbetween2015and2030toachieveitscurrentNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDC).Thiswouldsignifiysome170billionU.S.dollarsperyearforthisperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2016to2021;*Thisamountrepresentstheannualaveragerequiredover2015-2030asperIndia'sNDC2015targets.Source(s):ClimatePolicyInitiativeInvestmentsincleanpower,cleanfuels,andenduseworldwidein2024,withrequirementsby2030intheNetZeroEmissions(NZE)Scenario,byregion(inbillionU.S.dollars)Globalcleanenergyinvestmentrequirement2024-2030,byregionInvestmentinbillionU.S.dollars20242030Cleanfuels(NZE)400

6002030End-use(NZE)2030Cleanpower(NZE)1,2000200800

1,0001,4001,6001,800ChinaUnitedStatesEuropeanUnionJapanandKoreaIndiaLatinAmericaAfricaMiddleEastSoutheastAsiaRestoftheworld28Description:TheworldisestimatedtoinvestalmosttwotrillionU.S.dollarsincleanenergytechnologiesin2024,withChinaaloneaccountingforaroundone-thirdofthistotal.TomeetCOP28goalsoflimitingglobaltemperatureriseto1.5degreesCelsiusandachievingnet-zeroemissionsby2050,globalinvestmentincleanenergytechnologieswillneedtoroughlydoubleby2030,withinvestmentsincleanpoweraloneneedingtoreach2.3trilliondollarsthatyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2024Source(s):IEAShareofinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergyinIndiaforfinancialyear2015to2024ShareofinstalledrenewableenergycapacityIndiaFY2015-202450%45%40%43.12%41.34%39.2%37.03%36.07%34.88%33.54%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%31.4%29.44%29.34%0%201520162017201820192020202120222023202429Description:Infinancialyear2024,theshareofinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergywasat43.12percent.Thecumulativeinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergystoodat190.57gigawattsthatsameyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2015toFY2024