4 大学英语论文写作四 ppt课件

中国.中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享 Lecture Four Drafting Drafting the the EssayEssay How to Construct an Essay The basic structure of a paragraph II. The basic structure of an essay III. The way to construct an introductory paragraph IV. The way to construct a concluding paragraph I. The basic structure of a paragraph n 1. The English thought pattern n - a straightforward- line thought pattern n 2. A paragraph constructed following the straightforward-line thought pattern nA. writing purpose: to express an idea n - to tell sth./ idea n - to make it clear n - to help the reader remember this idea nB. way to realize the purpose n - set the goal and directly go to it n - hit the point at the very beginning n - support the topic n - conclude to emphasize the topic nC. A three-set/ part/ element construction n - the topic sentence n - supporting sentences n - ( the concluding sentence) II. The basic structure of an essay n 1. same purpose to express an idea n 2. same thought pattern to follow n 3. same way of construction n4. somewhat more complicated n A. a bigger topic n B. more effort to support the topic n C. a few more words to conclude for emphasis n D. enlargement of each part of the three: n - topic sentence to introductory paragraph n - supporting sentences to supporting paragraphs n - concluding sentence to concluding paragraph III. The way to construct an introductory paragraph n A Model Introductory Paragraph Observed： n Owing to the development of national economy, people have become richer. With more money in pockets, they want to enjoy their lives in a modernized way. Some will buy new houses. Others would like to have their private cars. I prefer to travel all over the world. Foreign travel benefits me a lot. 中国.中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享 Foreign Travel People are thinking of ways to enjoy their lives after becoming rich. Some want to buy new houses. Others would like to have their private cars. I choose to travel. Thesis statement Foreign travel helps me to learn about cultures of different nations and make friends all over the world. I can make friends all over the world in traveling. Foreign travel makes me happy because of the benefits in learning something new and making friends in different countries. Topic sentence of the 1st body paragraph. Topic sentence of the 2nd body paragraph Concluding paragraph General background information More specific Still more specific Thesis statement 倒金字塔示意图 Still more specific Thesis statement Traveling abroad benefits me a lot in enriching knowledge. n 启示： n 该图表明特殊结构的intro- duction 怎样由最广泛意义 上的背境基础上引出话题 ，通过背境所指范围的逐 句缩小，最后自然集中到 一点，那就是图中所说的 Thesis statement-主题句。 The way to begin the introduction n1.Telling the reader your experience with the subject -To present a sense of vividness and reliability. n2. Presenting startling facts -to catch the readers interest immediately n3. Telling an anecdote -to evoke the pleasure of the reader n4. Asking rhetorical questions -to make the readers think, and to search for the answer n5. Using interesting quota-tions -to arouse the readers curiosity n6. Using statistics -to establish the writer as the authority on the subject - to gain the readers confi-dence n7. Using vivid contrast - to sharpen the characteri-stics of the subject concerned n8. Using historical infor- mation -to trace the origin of the subject stated n9. Using humor -to amuse the readers -to lure him to go through the essay n10. Using figurative language -give a vivid impression of the subject stated The way to write a conclusion nAim -to summarize or reinforce the main points of the essay -(to make a final comment on the subject) nNotice: no new ideas or points to be discussed in the conclusion n1. Ending with a relevant or thought-provoking quotation nTwo approaches: Repeating an earlier quotation but give it a new meaning. Supplying a new quotation from a recognized authority in the field. nAs Arnold says, “No pain, no gain.” As long as the pain is so little and the gain is so great, I will continue to keep the body-building exercise. n2. Offering a solution to the problem discussed in your paper. nApproach: raise a problem in the introduction and try to offer a solution to it in the conclusion. nOn the basis of the work described in the preceding chapters, we can now give an answer with more confidence to the research questions posed in chapter 1. n What is the common denominator that legitimates deadjectival elements of different sources the term “intensifiers”? nThe notion of gradability in relation to subjectivity is the thread across the domains of adjectives and intensifiers. Grdability is a subjectively construed notion in the schematic domain of gradable adjectives. n3. Ending with one or more thought-provoking questions. -to stimulate the readers thinking, -to remind the readers of your main points. nNotice: Be sure the question is directly relevant to your subject. n4. Pointing out the value or significance of your subject. -to reinforce the readers impression of your subject nAgain, exercise provides an answer. In a country where the most common cause of mortality is corollary collapse, everyone needs to consider the value of constant exercise. n5. Making a connection to a statement made in your introduction. -to provide the readers with a sense of closure. n And now, when my children are playing baseball in the yard, I no longer think, “Baseball is for kids.” I am first at the plate. n6. Ending with a suggestion for change or prediction about the future. -to exert a long-term influence on your readers. nNotice： Make predictions that are possible and plausible. nModerate exercise will benefit body, mind and spirit. If we follow common sense and change our bad habits, all of us can lead long, active and healthy lives. Gaining unity and coherence nUnity nIn a paragraph: topic sentence-main idea supporting sentences - m