高中英语 Unit 10《Money》-Grammar学案 北师大版必修4（通用）

Unit 10 MoneyIndefinite pronouns（不定代词）1. some，any(1) some “一些”，多用于肯定句，修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词；用在疑问句，表示说话人有肯定的意思。e.g. Some people are early risers. 有些人起得很早。Would you like some tea? 您喝茶吗?some “某一”，修饰单数可数名词。e.g. Some man called this morning.今早上有人打电话。(2) any“一些”通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。e.g. If there are any new magazines in the library, take some for me. 图书馆如果来了新杂志，替我借几本。Is there any money with you? 你身上带钱了吗？Few, if any, will survive there. 只有很少的人会在那里幸存，如果可能的话。any “任何的” 用于肯定句，修饰单、复数可数名词或不可数名词。e.g. You can come here any time. 你什么时候来都行。 You can get it at any shop. 你可以在任何一家商店买到它。2. either，both，all(1) either表示“两者中的任何一个”。e.g. Either of the brothers is selfish. 两兄弟都非常自私。Either will do. 两个都行。(2) both“两个都”，修饰可数名词，统指两者。e.g. Tom and Jack both made some progress. 汤姆和杰克两个都有所进步。 Both of them should make concessions. 他们双方都应做出让步。On either side / both sides of the river stand many trees.河的两岸有很多树。(3) all“全部，所有的”，修饰两个以上的人或物的可数名词或不可数名词。e.g. All the students contributed to the fund. 所有的学生都为基金会捐了款。 All of the money has been spent. 钱都花完了。 We are all for you. 我们都支持你。3. no，neither，none，no one，nobody(1) no = not a / not any“没有的”，可修饰单、复数可数名词和不可数名词。e.g. Time and tide wait for no man. 时不我待。 There are no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。 I have no money for such things. 我没钱买这些东西。(2) neither“两者都不”e.g. Neither answer is correct.两个答案都不对。Neither of them know / knows the answer.他们两个都不知道答案。If he doesnt go, neither (nor) will she.若他不去，她也不去(3) none“没有一个人或东西”，它既可指可数名词（其所指范围是两个以上的人或物），又可指不可数名词。常回答how many或how much的问题。e.g. All of the trees were cut down, and none was / were left. 所有的树都被砍了，一棵也不剩。None of the students failed the examination. 没有一个学生考试不及格。-How many students got full marks? -None. -多少学生得满分？-没有一个。(4) no one没有一个人, 常回答who的问题。nobody没有人e.g. Im not somebody. Im nobody. 我不是重要人物，我是个无名小卒。Nobody is absent. 没有人缺席。 No one wants to do that. 没人愿做那种事。No one knows what will happen next.谁也不知道下一步有什麽事. -Who will go there? -No one. -谁将去哪儿？-没人。4. few, a few；little, a little(1) few的意思是“没有几个”； a few的意思是“少数”，“几个”；修饰可数名词；a few表示肯定意义，few表示否定意义。e.g. The problem is so difficult that few people can solve it. 这个问题太难了，几乎没人能做出来。Only a few people can solve this problem. 只有几个人能解决这个问题。 Few problems did the boy work out.这孩子没做出几道题。（Few提前用部分倒装）(2) little“没有多少”，a little“少量”，修饰不可数名词；a little表示肯定意义，little表示否定意义。e.g. There is little rainfall this spring. 今年春季雨水很少。 Although it did not rain for the whole month, there is a little water in the pond. 虽然整整一个月没下雨了，但池塘里还有一点水。Little has he known about this.关于这件事他知之甚少。（little提前用部分倒装）5. many，much，most(1) many“很多”修饰复数可数名词。e.g. Many of the problems have been solved. 大部分问题已经解决了。 Many (people) think that the situation will change soon. 很多人认为局势会很快改变。(2) much“很多”修饰不可数名词。e.g. Much of the money has been spent. 这笔钱的很多已经被花掉了。 They have finished much of the work. 他们已经完成了很多的工作。(3)most “大部分”，修饰可数不可数均可。e.g. Most of the money has been spent. 这笔钱的大部分已经被花掉了。6. another，other，the other，others，the others(1) another指同类中多个东西中的“另一个”（即one more）。e.g. This watch doesnt work, I must get another one. 这块表坏了，我该另买一块了。 He went back to work too soon，and was laid up for another three months. 他回去上班过早，结果又病倒三个月。(2) other指其他的、另外的人或物。e.g.There must be some other reason for his refusing to help. 他不予帮助一定另有原因。I saw Tom with some other fellow students. 我看见汤姆和其他一些同学在一起。注意： other与物主代词连用也可指余下的另一个或全部。e.g. Use your other hand. 用你的另一只手。 Mary is older than me but my other sisters are younger. 玛丽比我大，其余的都是我妹妹。(3) the other指两个中的另一个。e.g. I have two aunts; one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka.我有两个姑妈；一个住在东京，另一个住在大阪。(4) others“其他的、另外的人或物”= other + 复数名词。We should not think only of our children；there are others to be cared for also. 我们不应该只想到自己的孩子，还有别的孩子也需要照顾。Others (other people) may go against this plan. 别人可能会反对这个计划。(5) the others = the other ones表示同类中余下的全部。The search party was divided into two groups. Some went to the right, the others went to the left. 搜寻小组一分为二，一部分人向右，另一部分向左。 Jenny is cleverer than any of the others in her class. 珍妮比班上的其他（任何）人都聪明。7. one, onesOne任何一个人或物, ones是one的复数；代替前面所提到的任何人或物（泛指）。e.g. This is the one I like best.这是我最喜欢的一个。One must observe the rules.我们(任何人)必须遵守规则。Great trees keep down the little ones. 【谚】大鱼吃小鱼，小鱼吃虾米。8. someone somebody, something；anyone，anybody, anything；everyone，everybody, everything；nothing复合不定代词(1) someone, somebody某人和 something某物，常用于肯定句中。e.g. Someone is asking to see you. 有人要见你。 Somebody suggests putting off the meeting. 有人建议推迟会议。 Theres something wrong with the machine. 机器出了毛病 Something strange happened last night. 昨晚发生了件奇怪的事。(2) anyone, anybody任何人 anything任何事情，常用于肯定句中；anyone, anybody一些人；anything一些事情，常用于否定或疑问句中。e.g. Anybody can do this work. Its very simple.这事太简单了，人人都能做。 Did you meet anyone on your way home? 你回家的路上碰到什么人了吗？ Is anything wrong？有什么错吗？ He did not say anything after that. 这以后他再也没说什么。(3) nothing没有东西Thats nothing. 那没有什么。 He said he knew nothing about it. 他说他对那事一无所知。(4) everyone, everybody（每个人）和 everything（每样东西，一切事物）。泛指。She said good-bye to everyone. 她和每个人告别。 Everybodys business is nobodys business. 事关大家无人管。 Everything is ready for the experiment. 实验的一切都准备好了。 This news means everything to us. 这个消息对我们至关重要。练一练：1.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable, _ I will always treasure. (2002 NMET)A. that B. one C. it D. what2. -Did anyone of the students give the correct answer?-_. I feel terribly sorry.A. NoneB. NobodyC. All D. some3. _ road out of town is good, but this one is better than the other.A. Any B. None C. Neither D. Each4. Playing tricks on others is _we should never do.A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing5. The Johnsons have three sons, one a baby, _ twins of twelve.A. another B. the other C. others D. the others6. The man has lived in the small town for 20 years. So he knows _ who is _there.A. somebody; nobodyB. everybody; anybodyC. nobody; everybody D. anybody; everybody7. Theres _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner and get _?A. little; someB. little; anyC. a little; some D. a little; any8. The custom didnt choose _of the shirts and went away witout looking at a third one.A. either B. all C. any D. both9. Some of the wheat is from Canada. What about_?A. another B. the other C. others D. the rest10. -What kind of food would you like to eat?- _ but Japanese.-How about Korean, then?A. Anything B. Something C. Everything D. NothingInfinitives(不定式)不定式在句子中可以当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。、作主语 不定式作主语是难点之一。往往用it作形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语。e.g.To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To say is easier than to do. 说着容易做着难。ItsnecessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay. 国庆节前完成设计有必要。、作宾语1）可以接不定式短语作宾语的这类动词：like，want，try，wish，begin，decide，ask，forget，promise，hope，love，offer，refusee.g.Iwanttogoatonce.我想立刻走。 He refused to answer.他拒绝回答。2）用it作形式宾语, 不定式作真正的宾语放后面。e.g.It is a huge job to control Yellow River erosion.控制黄河侵蚀是一项巨大的工作。3）作介词but，except（除外）的宾语。一般情况下，跟带to的不定式作宾语。e.g.He had no choice but to leave.他别无选择只好离开。当主语中有do的各种形式，跟省to的不定式作宾语。e.g. On Sunday, the boy does nothing but / except play computer games.星期天这男孩除了打电脑游戏什么也不做。在cant choose but，cant help（阻止）but，cant but结构中，跟省to的不定式作宾语。e.g. She couldnt choose but follow her friends advice.她只好听她朋友的建议了。、作宾补 不定式作宾补也是难点之一。1）必须省略to的不定式作宾补的动词有：“使”make，let，have；感官动词：hear，listen to；look at，see，watch（观看），notice；observe(观察)，feel但是在被动语态中to不省略。e.g.Pleaseletmestayinthecompany. 请让我呆在公司。They noticed a boy come into the room.他们注意到一个男孩来到这个房间。The man was seen to drop into the river. 有人看到这个人掉进河里。2）“带to”的不定式作宾补的动词有：advise； allow，permit(允许)； ask，beg，request，require(要求)， order(命令)； cause，drive，force，get(使)； encourage，inspire(鼓励); invite(邀请)，like，love(喜欢)；teach，tell；expect，want，wishe.g. Ishallhavetoaskhertoleavethecompany. 我的要她离开公司。 Our teacher often encourages us to study hard.我们老师经常鼓励我们努力学习。3）with sb / sth to do 不定式表示将来。e.g.With a lot of homework to do, the boy cant play on the playground.因为有很多作业要做，这男孩不能在操场上玩。4）help后面的宾补可带“to”，也可不带“to”。e.g. Youmusthelpme（to）dothecookingthisafternoon.此句中的to可以省略，也可保留。、作定语1）不定式与所修饰词是主动关系：e.g. They have a long way to go.他们有很长的路要走。2）不定式与所修饰词是同位关系：e.g. I want to have the opportunity to take an advanced English course and improve my English.3）不定式与所修饰词是动宾关系，当句中有其逻辑主语或说话人做该动作时，用主动形式表示被动；若没有其逻辑主语或说话人不做该动作，则用被动形式。e.g. Hehasalotofquestionstoask. 他有很多问题要问(他问)。I have a letter to write. 我有一封信要写(我写)。The old lady has a letter to be written.老太太有一封信要写(老太太不会写)。There is a lot of homework to do. 有很多作业要做(说话人做)。 There is a lot of homework to be done. 有很多作业要做(说话人不做)。、作表语有一类名词作主语时往往需要不定式作表语，这类名词有： hope, idea，job，mistake，plan，suggestion，wish，work，aim，purpose，thing，business，news，informatione.g. Thepurposeofthetripwastorecordallthewildlife. 旅行的目的是记录所有的野生动物。His aim is to go to a famous university.他的目的是上一所名牌大学。Her job is to clean the building.他的工作是打扫这栋楼。、作状语1）目的状语inorderto / soasto do sthe.g. He stopped to have a look. 他停下来看了一看。 In order to earn enough money, he worked late into the night. 为了赚到足够的钱, 他工作到深夜。 He ran quickly in order to / so as to catch the last bus. 他跑得很快以便赶上那末班车。2）结果状语，soas to do sth / suchas to e.g. Would you please be so kind as to help me? 请你发发慈悲帮帮我吧？ He is such a fool as to believe them. 他是那样一个傻瓜结果竟相信了他们。表示出乎意料的结果，常与only，never等连用。 e.g. He went to school early only to find nobody was there.他很早去了学校，结果发现学校没人。 She went back home only to find there was a thief in her house.她回到家结果发现她家有个贼。 She went abroad never to return.她出国了结果再也没后来。3）原因状语sb be adj. to do 其中的不定式作状语。形容词为“高兴、激动、兴奋、愤怒angry，delighted， excited, glad, pleased，sorry，surprised, ”等表示情绪的词。 e.g.He was sorry to have done her harm.他很抱歉伤害了她。不定式的一些结构：1）too glad / happy / anxious / eager / ready / willing / thankfulto do 表肯定：He is (only) too ready to get the dictionary.他太愿意得到那本词典。2）sb / sth be heavy/ light/ hard/ difficult/ easy/ important/ (un)comfortable/ interesting/ boring, tiring/(im)possible /pleasant /nice /safe /dangerous /cheap /fit /to do 结构中的不定式用主动表示被动。 e.g. The story is easy to read.这故事读着容易。3) 不定式符号to的保留与省略：在be able (glad, happy, pleased, delighted) to; have (need, ought) to; expect，hope, plan，seem, want, wish; mean, intend; suppose; would like / love 等后的不定式，可承前省略to后的部分，保留to. e.g. -Would you go there? - Id like to, but Im too busy. I have said what I meant to.但是，如果to后是be, have, have been，要保留这些词。-I didnt tell him the news. -Oh, you ought to have.-Are you a doctor? -No, but I used to be.作like, try的宾语时，to可一并省略。 e.g. You can stay at home or go out, in a word, you can do whatever you like.练一练1. Sorry, Im very busy and I cant help you _the house.A. cleanB. cleaningC. to cleanD. A or C2. He went back only everything stolen.A. to findB. findC. findingD. to finding3. -You did a good job. Thank you.-Not at all. If you have nothing _, I will be off.A. to doB. to be doneC. doD. done4. All the teachers taught at his last lesson seemed easy_.A. to be understood B. being understoodC. understandingD. to understand5. Paul doesnt have to be made_. He always works hard.A