职称英语理工B类必考题目

1、写在最前面的关于30分题+15分1. +表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章，考哪一级就看哪一级的内容，别的级别的题目完全不用看。2. 每个级别新增阅读理解2篇完型填空2篇（今年以前完形填空只新增一篇），考试的时候，这两篇阅读理解必考一篇，文章完全一样，但是问题及答案不一定完全一样，所以仅仅记住答案是不可靠的，一定要结合后面的翻译把这篇文章看懂。那么这里5道题目15分必定能拿到。然后完型填空，先说今年以前，只新增一篇完型填空，这篇完型填空必考，只是留空的位置不会完全一样，大约有40%左右的留空位置是一样，所以光背答案是没得用的，一定要把文章看熟。当然今年由于每个级别新增了2篇完型填空，

2、那么考试的时候肯定也是2选1考一篇。这里15道题15分也很容易能拿到。3. 词汇有15道题，替换同义词，找本字典翻翻，这15分也不难，至少12分能拿到吧。其他的题能拿多少分就看各位的英语底子了。做最坏的打算，剩下的题目还有55分，按瞎蒙25%的概率能拿到13.75分，加上前面的45分大约也有58分左右，所以要完全靠瞎蒙的朋友考试前多扶扶老奶奶过马路，多积累点人品吧。4. 以上只是投机取巧的方法，各位有时间的话还是花点时间复习下，但是考前一定要把新增的题目掌握好，就算英语底子好的朋友也起码可以节约不少考试时间。5. 本人职称英语ABC级都是这样考过的，每年的规律都是一样的。从客观角度说，每年的职

3、称英语考试书都不便宜，新增的内容也不多，如果新增的东西里面没有价值，那么那本书还有谁买？那本书可是考试中心出的，亲！最后，祝大家考试顺利！2012年职称英语理工类新增文章阅读理解（6篇） 3页第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1*第三八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四十六篇Ants Have

4、 Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"完形填空（6篇） 20页第三篇 Germs on Banknotes 第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk+第十三篇 Solar Power witho

5、ut Solar Cells+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、阅读理解，请参见第3页；完形填空，请参见第20页；3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化 。阅读理解*第三八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's TitanScientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon

6、2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings

7、are"breathing" inTitan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This,they say,points to the existence of some"bugs"5 consuming the hydrogen at the surfa

8、ce of the moon less than half the size of the Earth."We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,"says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would

9、 be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth."To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste pro

10、duct. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we kn

11、ow it.Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological expl

12、anation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team."Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,"Allen said. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-bi

13、ological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results."词汇：Saturn /'sætn/ n土星 methane/'mi:ein/ n甲烷，沼气Titan/'taitn/ n土卫六 acetylene/'setili:n/ n乙炔alien/'eiljn/ n外星人；adj外星球的；相异的 conservatism/kn's:vtizm/ n保守主义,守旧注释：1.h

14、ints of alien life：外星生命迹象。2.the Saturn's moon：指土卫六（Titan) 。土卫六又称泰坦星，是土星卫星中最大的一颗。3.NASA：美国国家航空航天局的缩写，全称是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼号探测器，以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名，其任务是环绕土星飞行，对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六吨的“卡西尼”号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道。这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大

15、飞船。“卡西尼”号用了将近七年时间，在2004 年7月1日飞达土星轨道。5.bugs：微生物。非正式口语表达，所以使用了引号。6.Kelvin：可翻译成“绝对温度”。Kelvin Scale ，绝对温标，开氏温标，是由Kelvin 勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法，其零度相当于摄氏一273. 15" C ，被认为是宇宙中最低温度。这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用。7.principal investigator：研究项目负责人8.rule out：排除的可能性练习：1 .What have scientists found about Saturn?A They have foun

16、d a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.2. What do scientists say about Titan?A There are life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in t

17、he form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.3. To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does"this formof life" refer to?A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4. What can be inferred f

18、rom what Allen said?A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanati

19、on.5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan,a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Possibility.答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。该段告诉读者，科学家在土星的卫星土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了生命的迹象，这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的。2.A根据第二段“

20、Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are'breathing' in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，说明土卫六（Titan）有生命迹象。因此A是答案。3. B this form of life 指的是土卫六（ Titan ）上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，即该文讨论的主题。4.A科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释。Allen 说要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对Tita

21、n 上没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们还须付出努力。所以只有A是正确选择。5.D该短文的主题是，科学家在土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象，即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现。第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from wat

22、er-based life on Earth.”*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching AnxietyIn a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at theUniversity of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students le

23、arn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math."If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 s

24、aid Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have ifthey were more confident.Just as students find certain

25、 subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to bedifficult to learn - and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.The new study found that when a tea

26、cher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influencehow her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- andsecond-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and t

27、he researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt

28、 at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxiousteachers scored

29、lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety."

30、;This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in needof replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.词汇：snowball /'snub:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事 replication/repli'kein/ n 重复，复现superstar/'

31、;sju:psta:/ n超级明星练习：1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。4

32、. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事5. sales receipt：销售清单6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。7. the University of Missouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。练习：1. What is the re

33、sult of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers' math skills have influence over girl

34、students' math skills.D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2. What is implied in the third paragraph?A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' co

35、nfidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.3. According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they feltA nervous memorizing the numbers of a sal

36、es receipt.B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findingsA prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female s

37、tudents' mathachievements.B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than femalestudents.C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.D discover a strong link between teachers' math anxiety and their students'

38、 math achievements.5. David Geary thinks thatA the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significa

39、nt results.答案与题解：1.D 该段告诉我们女教师的想法（what female teachers think）和女学生的学习（what femalestudents learn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。2.B 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这

40、门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers askedthe teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a salesreceipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意为“记住数字”；saving the numbers意为“保存数字”；filling in the num

41、bers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案。4.A 短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girls with math-anxiousteachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had

42、math anxiety. )。D所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。5.B 根据David Geary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。完形填空*第十一篇  Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unp

43、repared Cities     A new examination of urban policies has been     1    recently by Patricia Romero LankaoShe is a sociologist specializing in climate change and    2    developmentShe warns that many of the w

44、orlds fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countrieswill likely suffer from the impacts of changing climateHer work also concludes that most cities are failing to   3    emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse    4 

45、60; These  gases are known to affect the atmosphere”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to    5    their residents.&q

46、uot;    Cities are      6    sources of greenhouse gasesAnd urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankaos findings  highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly

47、vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term     7        The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 

48、0;  8    associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat     9  paved cities more than surrounding areasThe impacts of such natural ev

49、ents can be more serious in an urban environmentFor example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing  widespread health problemsPoorer neighborhoods that  may  10  basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable

50、network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disastersMany residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing   11     access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.      Local governments,    

51、60;12    ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric     13    meaningful responses,  Romero Lankao writes, ” They dont impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air c

52、onditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce      14      use. In fact, many local  governments  are taking  a handsoff  approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their 

53、60;    15     policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.词汇：vulnerable / 'vlnrbl / adj 易受伤害的infrastructure / 'infr,strkt / n 基础设施sociologist /,susi'ldist /n社会学家ubstandard / ,sb'stændd / adj标准以下的

54、dioxide / dai'ksaid / 二氧化物floodplain /'fldplein / n 泛滥平原注释：1. likely：很可能，或许。在本句中用作副词。2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容词，用作表语。3. findings：调查结果4. storm surges：风暴潮5. paved cities：铺上沥青路面的城市6. spring up：涌现7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辞反应。这个词的意思是：（地方政府）话讲得很漂亮，但内容空洞。8. a hands-off approach：一种不插手的政

55、练习： 1A carry along    B carried away    C carried out  D carried back 2A economic    B industrial    C  rural  D urban 3A reduce    B increase  &

56、#160; C study  D measure4A crops    B gases    C fruits  D Plant5 5A educate    B evaluate    C protect  D identify 6A doubtful    B possible  &#

57、160; C repeatable  D major 7A uses    B chances    C cures  D benefits 8A threats    B interests    C functions  D differences 9A locally    B heavily

58、    C suddenly  D mildlyl0A provide    B improve    C lack  D update11A without    B with    C in  D on12A  moreover    B therefore 

59、60;  C however  D though13A other than    B more than    C less than  D rather than14A train    B  automobile    C  bus  D  bike15A idle  &#

60、160; B smart    C busy  D secure答案与题解：1. C 本题的答案是carried out（执行；完成）。“A new examination of urban policies has beencarried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（携带）、carried away（运走）和carried back（运回）与下文的意思搭配不上。2.D通篇文章讨论的是气候变化对城市的影响及其应对措施，并没有涉及economic （经济的）、industrial （工业的）和rural

61、 （农村的）的话题。所以，这三个选项不可能是答案，urban才是答案。3.A前面一句谈到，发展中国家的飞速成长的城市备受气候变化的折磨。本句紧接上一句的意思，大多数城市没有做到减少二氧化碳的排放量。四个选项中，要选reduce。4. B 减少的不仅是二氧化碳，还有greenhouse gases （温室气体）。gases 是答案。5. C 城市应该采取有效的措施应对气候变化。采取措施的目的当然是为了保护城市居民。可是Lankao 发现这样做的城市太少了。本题选protect 最合适。6.D前面说到大多数城市没有做到减少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。这说明“Cities are majorsource

62、s of greenhouse gases”（城市是温室气体的主要来源），不会是doubtful sources （不能确定的来源）, possible sources（可能的来源），更不会是repeatable sources（不断重复的来源）。7.D城市居民最易受气候变化的伤害，所以 Lankao 建议地方政府要进行政策介入以降低居民因气候变化受到的伤害，而这会带来立即的和长期的益处。因此，uses 、 chances 和cures可以排除。benefits（益处）才是答案。8.A 由climate change 引发的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather

63、 给城市居民造成伤害。interests 、functions 和differences 这三个词与storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的伤害挂不上号，不会是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 对城市居民会构成威胁。因此threats 才是答案。9. B 为什么prolonged hot weather 对城市居民造成的伤害超过对其周边地区居民造成的伤害？因为城市道路是大量铺设沥青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三个选项不符合上述意思。10.C 贫穷社区更易受到伤害，句子给出有关基础设施的各个方面。贫穷社区的

64、基础设施一定是不尽如人意的。所以要选lack。1LA贫穷国家许多人住在不符合标准的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和basic services 这些基础设施，从上下文判断，贫穷居民不会享有这些基础设施。所以选without 比较合理。12.B 本题的答案是therefore。上文说的是气候变化给城镇居民带来的种种问题。下文说的是地方政府应该采取相应的对策以保护城镇居民。两部分的叙述是一种因果关系，所以要选therefore。13.D rhetoric responses （言辞反应，即用言语予以搪塞的反应）和meaningful responses （有意义的反应）是两种截然不同的反应。地方政府的反应是前者还是后者？随后的句子，特别是a hands-off approach，说明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningfulresponses 。所以本题要选rather than（而不是）。14.B 句中