考研考博-英语-山东铝业职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东铝业职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

In1979theCatholicChurchfinallyforgivesGalileoforclaimingthattheEarthandotherplanetrevolvedaroundthesun.In1633theexaminersattheMinervaChurchinRomehadfoundGalileoguiltyofheresy,spreadingfalsebeliefs.

Galileowassixty-eightyearsoldatthetimeofhistrialandwasill.Aftertwodaysofcontinuousquestioningandthetreatoftorture,Galileo,confessedtoheresyandkneeledbeforetheexaminers,sayingforalltoherethathistheorieshadbeenwrong.ThejudgecouldhavehadGalileoburnedatthestakeforhisbeliefs,butbecausehehadconfessed,theywerelenientwiththeastronomer.Theysentencedhimtoanunlimitedterminprison,butquicklychangedthesentencetohousearrestinhisownhome,effectivelyendingGalileo’steachingcareer.

ForyearGalileohadbelievedthatearliertheorythatthestartrevolvedaroundtheEarth,wasincorrect,buthekeptoutofrespectfortheChurch.Hehadneverfinishedhisuniversitystudiesinmathematicsbecausehehadrunoutofmoney,buthisbrilliantworkasastudentallowedhimtoteach.Heprovedheuniformeffectofgravityinseriesofbrilliantcalculations,forexample,notbydroppingafeatherandacannonballfromtheLearningTowerofPisa,hishomecity,asiscommonlythought.

In1606,though,Galileolearnedoftheinventionofthetelescope:heredesignedandimprovedhisowntelescopeinoneday.Usingthetelescopetotesthismathematicalcalculations,healsodiscoveredJupiter’smoons,thefeaturesofEarth’smoon,andthestructureoftheMilkyWay.Butwhilewatchingthemovementofsunspots,hebecameconvinced,onceandforall,thattheearlierastronomer,Copernicus,wasright:theEarthandotherplanetsorbitedaroundthesun.TheEarthwanoneofmanyplanets,andnotthecenteroftheuniverse.GalileobegantopressforpermissionfromChurchtowriteabouthistheoriesoftheworldandin1642hereceivedpermission.

Hisgreatestbook,contrastingthetwosystems,waswrittenandpublishedeightyearslater.DialogueConcerningtheTwoWorldSystemswasquicklyseenasalandmarkscientificwork,bothforitsideasanditsfluewriting.ButtheChurchmeantimehaditsownproblemswiththeProtestantReformation.ChurchleadersnowconsideredGalileo’sworkdangerousandrevolutionary.A"document"wasfoundthatcontradictedthepermissionGalileothoughhehadobtainedtowriteabouthistheories.Galileowasthenarrestedandplacedbeforetheinquisition.Galileodiedin1642,blindandstillimprisonedinhisownhome.Heretainedconvincedthathehadalwaysbeenfight.

Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.ThefindingsofthejudgesatGalileo'strialwerenotreversed,eventhoughtheirprecisefindinghadbeenthattheastronomerwas"Vehementlysuspectofheresy."Thefindingsofanyinquisition,eventheGalileocourtaswellasnotoriousSpanishInquisition―mustbeflowedtostand,atleastpartlybecausetheirfindingsoftenresultedindeathsentencesforpeopleaccusedofheresy.Butin1979,PopeJohnPauladdressedtheAugustPontificalScienceAcademyintheVaticanandofferedapologytoGalileo:"ThegreatnessofGalileo,likethatofEinstein,isknowntoall.Buttheformerhadtosuffergreatly;wecannothideit,fromChurchinstitutionsandmen."

Thepurposeofthispassageisto（

）.

Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat

（

）.

Thepassagesuggeststhat

（

）.

Theauthor’stoneis（

）.

问题1选项

A.discusswhytheCatholicChurchpersecutedGalileo

B.provideashortbiographyofGalileo

C.discussthetwotheoriesofthesolarsystem

D.showhowsciencehasprogressedoverthelastthreehundredyears

问题2选项

A.Galileowasheldprisonerinhishomefornineyears.

B.theCatholicChurchhasnotacceptedGalileo'stheoryofthesolarsystem.

C.Galileoinventedthetelescope.

D.theProtestantsconductedtheInquisition.

问题3选项

A.theCatholicChurchstillbelieverstheEarthisthecenteroftheuniverse.

B.Galileo'stheoryhasbeenprovedincorrectinmodemtimes.

C.theInquisitionseldomdealtharshlywithpeoplewhocamebeforeit.

D.theCatholicChurchwasmoreconcernedwithmaintainingthestatusquointhe17thcenturythanthetruthaboutGalileo'stheory.

问题4选项

A.negative

B.objective

C.sarcastic

D.satirical

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了伽利略为“日心说”做出的努力以及遭受的追害，所以B选项“对伽利略的人生经历进行了简要的介绍”正确;A选项“讨论天主教迫害伽利略的原因”是对文章细节的表述；C选项“对两种不同的太阳系理论进行讨论”和D选项“表明在过去的三百年中科学是怎样发展的”没有在文章中提及。

细节事实题。根据文章第一段和第二段第四句“Theysentencedhimtoanunlimitedterminprison,butquicklychangedthesentencetohousearrestinhisownhome,effectivelyendingGalileo’steachingcareer.”“他们将其判以终生监禁，但很快就改判为软禁家中，如此结束了伽利略的教学生涯”可知伽利略于1633年被软禁在家中，然后根据文章第五段的倒数第二句“Galileodiedin1642,blindandstillimprisonedinhisownhome”“伽利略于1642年在家中与世长辞，那时他仍处在软禁期间”可知伽利略被软禁在自己家中长达9年，所以A选项正确。根据文章第六段第一句“Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.”“345年后，天主教终于承认伽利略日心说的正确性”确定B选项“天主教没有接受伽利略的日心说”表述错误；根据第四段第一句“In1606,though,Galileolearnedoftheinventionofthetelescope:heredesignedandimprovedhisowntelescopeinoneday.”确定C选项“伽利略发明了望远镜’错误；D选项“新教徒执行审讯”没有在文章中提及。

细节事实题。根据文章第六段第一句“Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.”“345年后，天主教终于承认伽利略日心说的正确性”确定A选项“天主教仍然相信地球是宇宙的中心”错误；B选项“在现代，伽利略的理论被证明是错误的”没有在文章中体现并且根据常识也可以判断该选项是错误的；根据文章最后一段第三句“...atleastpartlybecausetheirfindingsoftenresultedindeathsentencesforpeopleaccusedofheresy”“部分原因是因为那些被指控为异端邪说的人最终都被判以死刑”确定C选项“审讯很少对被指控的人处以残酷的刑罚”表示错误；根据文章对伽利略经历的介绍可知在17世纪时天主教为了维护现状，不承认伽利略的理论，所以D选项正确。

观点态度题。作者客观地介绍了伽利略为“日心说”所付出的努力和天主教的态度和做法，所以B选项“客观的”正确。

2.单选题

Thegovernorsaidhewould（

）judgmentuntilhereceivedthecommittee’sreport.

问题1选项

A.withstand

B.withhold

C.scrutinize

D.ferret

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。withstand意为“经受，承受”；withhold意为“拒给，扣留”；scrutinize意为“仔细检查”；ferret意为“搜出，查获”。

句意：州长说，他将在收到委员会的报告后才做出判断。

3.单选题

Letchildrenlearntojudgetheirownwork.Achildlearningtotalkdoesnotlearnbybeingcorrectedallthetimeifcorrectedtoomuch,hewillstoptalking.Henoticesathousandtimesadaythedifferencebetweenthelanguageheusesandthelanguagethosearoundhimuse.Bitbybit,hemakesthenecessarychangestomakehislanguagelikeotherpeople’s.Inthesameway,whenchildrenlearntodoalltheotherthingstheylearntodowithoutbeingtaughttowalk,run,climb,whistle,rideabicycle—comparethoseperformanceswiththoseofmoreskilledpeople,andslowlymaketheneededchanges.Butinschoolwenevergiveachildachancetofindouthisownmistakesforhimself,letalonecorrectthem.Wedoitallforhim.Weactasifwethoughtthathewouldnevernoticeamistakeunlessitwaspointedouttohimorcorrectitunlesshewasmadeto.Soonhebecomesdependentontheteacher.Lethimdoithimself.Lethimworkout,withthehelpofotherchildrenifhewantsit,whatthiswordsays,whatansweristothatproblem,whetherthisisagoodwayofsayingordoingthisornot.

Ifitisamatterofrightanswers,asitmaybeinmathematicsorscience,givehimtheanswerbook.Lethimcorrecthisownpapers.Whyshouldweteacherswastetimeonsuchroutinework?Ourjobshouldbetohelpthechildwhenhetellsusthathecan’tfindthewaytogettherightanswer.Let'sendthisnonsenseofgrades,exams,marks.Letusthrowthemallout,andletthechildrenlearnwhatalleducatedpersonsmustsomedaylearn,howtomeasuretheirownunderstanding,howtoknowwhattheyknowordonotknow.

Letthemgetonwiththisjobinthewaythatseemsmostsensibletothem,withourhelpasschoolteachersiftheyaskforit.Theideathatthereisabodyofknowledgetobelearntatschoolandusedfortherestofone’slifeisnonsenseinaworldascomplicatedandrapidlychangingasours.Anxiousparentsandteacherssay,"Butsupposetheyfailtolearnsomethingessentialsomethingtheywillneedtogetintheworld?Don'tworry!Ifitisessentialtheywillgooutintotheworldandlearnit.

1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthebestwayforchildrentolearnthings?

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatlearningtospeakandlearningtorideabicycleare（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,theauthorthinksteachersinschoolshould

（

）.

4.Theauthorbelievestheteachersroleinchildren’slearningshouldbe

（

）.

5.Thetitleofthispassagecouldprobablybe（

）.

问题1选项

A.Byimitatingwhatotherpeopledo.

B.Bymakingmistakesandhavingthemcorrected.

C.Bylisteningtoexplanationsfromskilledpeople.

D.Byaskingagreatmanyquestions.

问题2选项

A.notreallyimportantskills

B.moreimportantthanotherskills

C.basicallythesameaslearningotherskills

D.basicallydifferentfromlearningadultskills

问题3选项

A.allowchildrentolearnbyhimselforherself

B.pointoutchildren’smistakeswheneverthey'refound

C.correctchildren’smistakesassoonaspossible

D.givechildrenmorebookknowledge

问题4选项

A.theidentifierandcorrectoroftheirerrors

B.theirhelperandguide

C.thepersontogradetheirperformanceandgivefeedbacks

D.thepersontopassonsomethingessentialtothem

问题5选项

A.LetTeachersStopWork

B.LetUsMakeChildrenLearn

C.LetChildrenCorrectTheirOwnPapers

D.LetChildrenLearnbyThemselves

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由文章第一段中Henoticesathousandtimesadaythedifferencebetweenthelanguageheusesandthelanguagethosearoundheinuse.Bitbybit,hemakesthenecessarychangestomakehislanguagelikeotherpeople’s.（他每天都注意到他所使用的语言和他周围的使用的语言之间的差异。一点一点地，他做了必要的改变，使他的语言像其他人的一样）可知作者认为孩子可以通过模仿他人学习东西，因此选A。

第2题:事实细节题。由文章第一段中Inthesameway（以同样的方式）,whenchildrenlearntodoalltheotherthingstheylearntodowithoutbeingtaughttowalk,run,climb,whistle,rideabicycle可知选C。

第3题:细节事实题。由文章第一段中Lethimdoithimself.Lethimworkout,withthehelpofotherchildrenifhewantsit,whatthiswordsays,whatansweristothatproblem,whetherthisisagoodwayofsayingordoingthisornot.可知作者认为教师应该允许孩子自己学习，因此选A。

第4题:推理判断题。由文章第二段中Ourjobshouldbetohelpthechildwhenhetellsusthathecan’tfindthewaytogettherightanswer.（当孩子告诉我们他找不到正确答案的时候，我们的工作应该是帮助他）可推测教师的角色应该是学生的帮助者与指导者。

第5题:主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了学生应该自己学习，而不是被纠正与灌输式的学习，教师起帮助与指导的作用，因此选D。

4.单选题

Idon'tthinkitisimpartialfortheprofessortoflunkmyChemistrytest.

问题1选项

A.unbiased

B.compatible

C.exonerative

D.effusive

【答案】A

【解析】句意：我不认为教授让我的化学考试不及格是公正的。impartial意为公平的，不偏不倚的。unbiased公正的，无偏见的；compatible兼容的，可并立的；exonerative免罪的，免除的；effusive流出的，感情横溢的。选项A与之意思最为相近。

5.单选题

Itishardformetosurviveinthepoliticalsnake（）.

问题1选项

A.hutch

B.hole

C.hive

D.pit

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项hutch“笼；小屋；贮藏箱；矿车”；B选项hole“洞，孔；洞穴，穴；突破口”；C选项hive“蜂巢，蜂箱；蜂群；（喻）充满繁忙人群的场所”；D选项pit“矿井；深坑；陷阱；凹陷；正厅后排；正厅后排的观众”。snakepit“蛇坑”，用来形容恐怖的地方，混乱的局面。句意：对我来说，在混乱的政治局面里求生存很艰难。因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

Non-violentdirectactionrubs（）ofpopularopinioninordertogetitselfnoticedamidaseaofself-interest,apathyandday-to-daydistractions.

问题1选项

A.againstthegrain

B.againstthesalt

C.withagrain

D.withasalt

【答案】A

【解析】语法题。根据题意，非暴力的直接行动违背公众的意见，为了让自己在自我利益、漠不关心和日常的干扰中引人注目。所以这里是指与公众的意见相违背。选项C和D可排除。搭配“againstthegrain”的意思为“格格不入，违反意愿”。选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Theboyneverattemptedto（）anyexcuseforbeinglate.

问题1选项

A.fluctuate

B.fabricate

C.lubricate

D.manipulate

【答案】B

【解析】句意:这个男孩从不会捏造任何迟到的借口。

考查动词辨析。fluctuate使波动，动摇；fabricate制造，捏造;lubricate使润滑;manipulate操作，处理。空格的宾语是excuse(借口),因此B符合句意。

8.单选题

Thesalmonisoneofourmostvaluablefish.Itoffersusfood,sportandprofit.Everyyearcommercialfishing（1）aharvestofoverabillionpoundsofsalmonfromthesea.Hundredsofthousandsofsalmonarecaughteachyearbyeager（2）fishers.

Inautumn,theriversoftheNorthwesternUnitedStatescome（3）withsalmon.Thesalmonhavelefttheoceanandare（4）theiryearlyrunuprivertospawn.Yettoday,therearefarfewersalmonthan（5）becausethesalmon（6）hassufferedfrommanyperilsofthemodernage.

Waterpollutionhaskilledmanysalmonby（7）themofoxygen.Over-fishinghasfurtherdecreasedtheirnumber.Damshasanother（8），becausetheylockmigrationpaths.Fishladders,（9）steppedpools,havebeenbuiltsothatsalmoncanswim（10）overthedams.Butyoungsalmonswimmingtotheoceanhavetrouble（11）theladders.Oftenthey（12）theirdeathsoverthedamorarekilledingianthydroelectricturbines.

（13）Americawillcontinuetohaveplentyofsalmon,conservationistshaveplannedseveralwaysto（14）thesalmonpopulation.Conservationofficialshavehadsomesuccess（15）salmoninhatcheriesandstockingsalmonriverswiththem.Salmonarealsobeingintroducedintonewareas.In1996,hundredsofthousandsofyoungCohosalmonwereplantedinstreamsoffLakeMichigan.TheadultswereexpectedtoMigratetothelakeandfeeduponanundesirablefish.TheCohoesthrivedsowellonthiskindoffishinLakeMichiganthatCohoesarebeingplantedinotherGreatLakes.

Thankstotheforesightandplanningofconservationists,thevaluablesalmonshouldbearoundAmericanshores,riversandlakesforalongtimetocome.

问题1选项

A.resultsin

B.resultsfrom

C.resultsat

D.resultedin

问题2选项

A.commerce

B.sports

C.salmon

D.kindness

问题3选项

A.alive

B.active

C.live

D.about

问题4选项

A.at

B.in

C.on

D.by

问题5选项

A.everso

B.eversince

C.everafter

D.everbefore

问题6选项

A.production

B.population

C.family

D.growing

问题7选项

A.forbidding

B.exploiting

C.robbing

D.endangering

问题8选项

A.danger

B.obstacle

C.problem

D.element

问题9选项

A.madeupfor

B.madeupto

C.madeup

D.madeupof

问题10选项

A.properly

B.safely

C.quickly

D.frequently

问题11选项

A.discover

B.toclimb

C.finding

D.measuring

问题12选项

A.fallto

B.fallback

C.fallacross

D.fallaway

问题13选项

A.Sothat

B.Sofaras

C.Somuchas

D.Solongas

问题14选项

A.explode

B.develop

C.increase

D.catch

问题15选项

A.supporting

B.raising

C.keeping

D.resulting

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:C

第8题:A

第9题:D

第10题:B

第11题:C

第12题:A

第13题:D

第14题:C

第15题:B

【解析】1.考查短语辨析。该处句意为:每年的商业捕鱼导致从海洋中收获超过十亿磅的三文鱼。故A项符合句意。

2.考查名词辨析。该处句意为:急不可耐的…渔民每年都会捕捉成千上万的三文鱼。因此B项符合句意。Sport本身有“娱乐”的意思,在这里表示“消遣性渔民”。

3.考查固定搭配。comealive热闹起来，活跃起来。其它选项均不能与come构成搭配。

4.考查介词辨析。句意为:三文鱼离开海洋，每年都会回流到河面上产卵。因此，C项介词较为合适。

5.逻辑分析。根据前文的yet“然而”，可推知此处是“现在和过去”的对比，即如今的三文鱼的数量比从前少。因此D项“以前”符合句意。

6.考查名词辨析。该处句意为:三文鱼…在现代遭受了很多危险。因此B项“种群，数量”符合句意。

7.考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的动名词形式。空格处动词应与介词of进行搭配。因此C项符合句意。Robsb./sth.ofsth.剥夺某人/某物所需或应得之物。

8.考查名词辨析。该处解题可以参考前面句意:水污染杀死了很多三文鱼。因此推测该处句意为:大坝是另一个危险，因为它们阻断了迁移的路径。故选A项。

9.考查短语辨析。选项均为对应动词短语的过去分词形式作定语修饰fishladders;steppedpools表示“阶梯式游泳池”。四个选项的意思分别是：makeupfor弥补;补偿；makeuptosb.献媚；奉承;makeup编造;化妆；bemadeupof由…构成。因此，根据句意，D构成句意“由阶梯式游泳池构成的鱼梯”，符合语境和搭配，故为正确答案。

10.考查副词辨析。该处句意为:建造鱼梯是为了三文鱼能…游过大坝。因此B项“安全地”符合句意。

11.语义题。根据固定搭配havetroubledoingsth.(在…方面有困难)可以排除A和B项。根据句意可知C项“发现梯子”正确。

12.考查短语辨析。该句有并列连词or,or并列的是动词是arekilled和空格处。因此A项符合句意,表示“掉到大坝上摔死”。

13.逻辑分析。逗号后面是完整的句子，因此，前半句应该有相关的连词或关系词。后文句意为：生态环境保护者规划一些方案以增加鲑鱼的数量。因此此处是说鲑鱼的数量减少了，满足条件的是D选项“使濒危”。

14.考查动词辨析。该处句意为:自然环境和野生动植物提倡保护者计划了几种方式以增加族群数量。故C项符合句意。

15.考查动词辨析。该处搭配为:havesuccessindoingsth.在某方面取得成功。根据并列的部分stockingsalmonrivers可知，“raisesalmoninhatcheries在孵化场饲养三文鱼”符合语境。

9.单选题

Beforethegeneralelectionmanyseniorcitizenssignedthe（）againstthespreadingofnucleararms.

问题1选项

A.contract

B.petition

C.supplication

D.potential

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析。contract合同，契约；petition请愿书，指许多人签名的向当权者提出某种要求；supplication祈愿，祈求，恳求；potential潜力，潜势。句意:好多老年人签订反对核武器的扩散。故B项符合句意。

10.单选题

15.

问题1选项

A.Shedisagreeswiththemanthere.

B.Sheisgoingtochangehermind.

C.Itisoutofthequestiontodothat.

D.Itispossibletoforgivehim.

【答案】C

【解析】M:Youarenotthinkingofgettingbacktogetherwithhim,areyou?

W:Wouldhedreamofit?

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

【解析】推断题。女士说:Wouldhedreamofit(他在做梦吗?)，足以证明她不可能复合。

11.单选题

Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeit（

）whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.

问题1选项

A.compacted

B.dispersed

C.delayed

D.restricted

【答案】D

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。compacted“压缩；压紧”；dispersed“分散；传播”；delayed“延迟”；restricted“限制”。句意：我们都有自由选择权，不喜欢在社会的法律和道德界限内看到自由被限制。选项D符合题意。

12.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

SinglesDaywasbegunbyChinesecollegestudentsinthe1990sasaversionofValentine’sDayforpeoplewithoutromanticpartners.Thetimingwasbasedonthedate:Nov.11,or“11.11”—foursingles.Unattachedyoungpeoplewouldtreateachothertodinnerorgivegiftstowoothatspecialsomeoneandendtheirsinglestatus.

Thatgift-givinghelpedtoturnitintoamajorshoppingeventassellersofeverythingfromjewelrytoTVstocarssawamarketingopportunityandlaunchedSinglesDaysales.ItisChina’sanswertoCyberMondayintheUnitedStates—thedayafterThanksgivingweekend,whenonlineChristmasshoppingbeingsandmerchantshavetheirbusiestsalesday.

【答案】光棍节源于上世纪90年代的中国大学生中，对于没有浪漫伴侣的人来说，这是另一个情人节。时间是11月11日或者11•11——4个单身。单身的年轻人彼此之间聚餐或者送礼物给那个特别的人来结束他们的单身状态。

送礼物把光棍节变成了一个重要的购物活动，从珠宝到电视到汽车等的销售商们都从中看到了商机，并推出了光棍节销售活动。光棍节相当于美国的“网络星期一”，即感恩节周末后的一天，网上圣诞节购物开始，商人们开始了他们繁忙的销售日。

13.单选题

Thesalesmanapproachedthehousecautiouslywhenhesawthedogatthedoor.

问题1选项

A.carefully

B.deliberately

C.nervously

D.bravely

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。cautiously“小心地；谨慎地”；A选项carefully“小心地”；B选项deliberately“故意地”；C选项nervously“神经质地；焦急地”；D选项bravely“勇敢地；无畏地”。句意：推销员看到门口的狗，小心翼翼地走近房子。根据句中“whenhesawthedogatthedoor在看见门口的狗后”可知cautiously在这里的意思应为“小心地”，因此A选项正确。

14.翻译题

Ihavealwaysdislikedbeingaman.1.ThewholeideaofmanhoodinAmericaispitiful,inmyopinion.Eventheexpression“Beaman!”strikesmeasinsultingandabusive.Itmeans:Bestupid,beunfeeling,obedient,soldierlyandstopthinking.Manmeans“manly”—howcanonethinkaboutmenwithoutconsideringtheterribleambitionofmanliness?Andyetitispartofeveryman’slife.Itisahideousandcripplinglie;itnotonlyinsistsondifferenceandconnivesatsuperiority,itisalsobyitsverynaturedestructive—emotionallydamagingandsociallyharmful.

Itisveryhardtoimagineanyconceptofmanlinessthatdoesnotbelittlewomen,anditbeginsveryearly.AtanagewhenIwantedtomeetgirls—let’ssaythetreacherousyearsofthirteentosixteen—Iwastoldtotakeupasport,getmorefreshair,andIwasurgednottoreadsomuch.Ifyouaskedtoomanyquestionsaboutsexyouweresenttocamp—aboy’scamp,ofcourse:thenightmare.Nothingismoreunnaturalorprison-likethanaboy’scamp.

2.ItoughttobeclearbynowthatIhavesomethingofanobjectiontothewayweturnboysintomen.ItdoesnotsurprisemethatwhenthePresidentoftheUnitedStateshashiscustomaryweekendoffhedresseslikeacowboy—itisbothameasureofhisinsecurityandhiswillingnesstoplease.Inmanyways,AmericanculturedoeslittlemoreforamanthanpreparehimformodelingclothesintheL.L.Beancatalogue.

Therewasafearthatwritingwasnotamanlyprofession-indeed,notaprofessionatall.TheparadoxinAmericanlettersisthatithasalwaysbeeneasierforawomantowriteandforamantobepublished.3.Writingisonlymanlywhenitproduceswealth—moneyismasculinity.Soisdrinking,particularlytheabilitytodrinkanothermanunderthetable.AmaninAmericahastokilllions,huntducks,andcarryenoughknivesandgunsonhisshoulders,toprovethatheisjustasmuchamonsterasthenextman.Everythinginstereotypedmanlinessgoesagainstthelifeofthemind.

4.Therewouldbenopointinsayinganyofthisifitwerenotgenerallyacceptedthattobeamanissomehow—evennowinfeminist-influencedAmerica—aprivilege.Itisonthecontraryanunmercifulandpunishingburden.Beingamanisbadenough;beingmanlyisappalling.Itisthesinistersillinessofmen’sfashions,andaclubbyattitudeinthearts.Itisthesubversionofgoodstudents.Itistheso-called“DressCode”oftheRitz-CarltonHotelinBoston,anditistheinstitutionalizedcheatingincollegesports.Itisthemostprimitiveinsecurity.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】1.在我看来，美国的整个男子汉思想是很可怜的。就连“做个男子汉！”这样的表达也让我觉得是一种侮辱和谩骂。它意味着愚蠢、冷酷、顺从、像士兵一样鲁莽，还指不愿意思考。男人意味着“有男子气概”——人们在思考男人的时候怎么能不考虑男子气概的可怕野心呢？

2.我有点反对我们把男孩变成男人的方式。到目前为止，这一点应该十分清楚。我丝毫不感到奇怪，美国总统在周末例行休假的时候，把自己打扮成牛仔——这既说明他没有安全感又说明他想讨好别人。

3.写作只有在产生财富时才有男人味。有钱才有男人味。酗酒也意味着男人味，让另一个男人喝趴下的能力尤其如此。美国男人必须捕杀狮子、猎取野鸭、肩上扛满刀枪，以证明他像别的男人一样残忍。刻板印象中男人气概的一切都不利于心智生活。

4.即便是在受女权主义影响的美国，做男人也是一种特权。如果不是由于这种观念被世人广为认同，那谈上述情况就毫无意义了。相反，做男人是一个过重的、带有惩罚性质的负担。身为男人糟糕透顶，有男子气概则让人心惊胆战。

15.单选题

Inthelast12yearstotalemploymentintheUnitedStatesgrewfasterthanatanytimeinthepeacetimehistoryofanycountry-from82to110millionbetween1973and1985-thatis,byafullonethird.Theentiregrowth,however,wasinmanufacturing,andespeciallyno-blue-collarjobs.

Thistrendisthesameinalldevelopedcountries,andis,indeed,evenmorepronouncedinJapan.Itisthereforehighlyprobablethatin25yearsdevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanwillemploynolargeraproportionoftheharborforceinmanufacturingthandevolvedcountriesnowemployinfarming-atmost,10percent.TodaytheUnitedStatesemploysaround18millionpeopleinblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingindustries.By2010,thenumberislikelytobenomorethan12million.Insomemajorindustriesthedropwillbeevensharper.

Itisquiteunrealistic,forinstance,toexpectthattheAmericanautomobileindustrywillemploymoreone-thirdofitspresentblue-collarforce25yearshence,eventhoughproductionmightbe50percenthigher.

Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesamesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitiveoreventoremain"developed”.Theattempttopreservesuchblue-collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment.

ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.WhatconfusestheissueevenmoreitthattheUnitedStatesisexperiencingseveralseparateanddifferentshiftsinthemanufacturingeconomy.Oneistheaccelerationofthesubstitutionofknowledgeandcapitalformanuallabor.WhenHenryFordintroducedtheassemblylinein1909,hecutthenumberofman-hoursrequiredtoproduceamotorbysome80percentintwoorthreeyearsfarmorethananyoneexpectstoresultfromeventhemostcompleteprioritization.Butthereisnodoubtthatwearefacinganew,sharpaccelerationinthereplacementofmanualworkersbymachines—thatis,bytheproductsofknowledge.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,theshrinkageinthemanufacturinglaborforcedemonstrates（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,incoming25years,adevelopedcountryorindustry,inordertoremaincompetitive,oughtto（

）.

3.Americanpoliticiansandlaborleaderstendtodislike（

）.

4.Theword"prescription"in’’aprescriptionforunemployment"maybetheequivalentto（

）.

5.Thispassagemayhavebeenexceptedfrom（

）.

问题1选项

A.thedegreetowhichacountry'sproductionisrobotized

B.areductioninacountry’smanufacturingindustries

C.aworseningrelationshipbetweenlaborandmanagement

D.thedifferencebetweenadevelopedcountryandadevelopingcountry

问题2选项

A.reducethepercentageoftheblue-collarworkforce

B.preserveblue-collarjobsforinternationalcompetition

C.acceleratemotor-carmanufacturinginHenryFord’sstyle

D.solvetheproblemofunemployment

问题3选项

A.confusioninmanufacturingeconomy

B.anincreaseinblue-collarworkforce

C.internalcompetitioninmanufacturingproduction

D.adropintheblue-collarjobopportunities

问题4选项

A.somethingrecommendedasmedicaltreatment

B.awaysuggestedtoovercomesomberdifficulty

C.somemeasurestakeninadvance

D.adevicetodire

问题5选项

A.amagazineaboutcapitalinvestment

B.anarticleonautomation

C.amotor-carmagazine

D.anarticleonglobaleconomy

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.文章提出诸如美国、日本等发达国家，由于生产的进步自动化的加强，生产行业雇佣蓝领工人的数量大大降低。所以A选项‘一个国家生产的自动化程度‘符合题意。

2.根据文章第四段Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesamesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitiveoreventoremain"developed”.如果一个公司、一个行业或一个国家在未来25年里不大幅提高制造业产量，同时大幅削减蓝领劳动力，就不可能保持竞争力，甚至不可能保持“发达”。可知，为了保持竞争力，在增加产量的同时，必须减少蓝领的数量。A选项符合题意。

3.先看选项，B、D选项相反，肯定一对一错，所以排除A、C。根据文章第四段最后一句和最后一段第一句Theattempttopreservesuchblue-collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment.ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.试图保住这样的蓝领工作实际上是为失业开出的药方。这不是一个美国政客、劳工领袖或公众能够轻易理解或接受的结论。文中清楚表明，保持蓝领劳动力工作机会是破除失业的良药，政治和工会领导都不希望蓝领劳动力失去工作机会。确定D选项‘蓝领工作机会的减少‘符合题意。

4.prescription本意为‘处方药’，由上题可知，在文中意思为‘破除失业的具体措施’，所以C选项正确。

5.根据全文可知，文章是属于经济政治的一部分，D选项符合题意。

16.单选题

Acomprehensivemarketsystemshouldbeestablishedto______theflowoftalent,fundsandmaterials.

问题1选项

A.suffice

B.necessitate

C.facilitate

D.fabricate

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.suffice足够；足以B.necessitate使成为必要

C.facilitate促进；促使D.fabricate编造；捏造

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】按照句意“应该建立一个全面的市场体系来______人才、资金和物资的流动”，根据空格后的单词flow可知，空格处表示“促进”符合句意，故该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项都不符合句意。

【句意】应该建立一个全面的市场体系来促进人才、资金和物资的流动。

17.单选题

Youshouldbuytheshirtonesizelargerthanyouusuallywear,becausethismaterial______whenyouwashesit.

问题1选项

A.decreases

B.expands

C.shrinks

D.diminishes

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项decrease“减少，减小，降低”，B项expand“扩张，使膨胀”，C项shrink“（使）缩小，（使）收缩，（衣服、布料）缩水”，D项diminish“减少，缩小”。根据关键信息onesizelargerthanyouusuallywear“比平时穿的大一号”，结合空格前的词语material“材料”可知，空格处填入shrink“缩水”符合语境。句意：你应该买一件比你平时穿的大一号的衬衫，因为这种布料洗时会缩水。因此，该题选择C项正确。

18.单选题

Ifyouworkunderacarwhenrepairingit,youoftengetvery（）.

问题1选项

A.waxy

B.slippery

C.sticky

D.greasy

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。waxy“蜡制的，柔软的”；slippery“狡猾的，不稳定的”；sticky“粘的，粘性的”；greasy“油腻的，油脂的，谄媚的”。句意：如果你在车底下修车，你通常会沾满油脂。D项符合题意。

19.翻译题

1.Butisitreallythecase?TheinformationI’vecollectedoverlastfewyearsleadsmetobelievethatartisticandculturalprojectsmaybelessusefulthanmanygovernmentsthink.Infact,basicinfrastructureprojectsareplayingextremelyimportantroleandshouldbegivenpriority.

2.Thosewhoareinfavorofartisticandcu