考研考博-英语-复旦大学考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-复旦大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Beefcattle______ofalllivestockforeconomicgrowthinthecertaingeographicregions.

问题1选项

A.themostareimportant

B.arethemostimportant

C.isthemostimportant

D.thataremostimportant

【答案】B

【解析】考查句子成分。句意：在某些地区，肉牛是经济增长最重要的牲畜。根据题目和选项确定句子结构为主语+系动词+表语结构，所以用be动词；根据cattle是集合名词确定用复数形式；根据形容词最高级结构为themost+adj.确定用themostimportant，所以B选项arethemostimportant符合题意。因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

Hewas（）fromthecompetitionbecausehehadnotcompliedwiththerules.

问题1选项

A.forbidden

B.barred

C.disqualified

D.excused

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A:forbid“禁止，指禁止某人进入某地、或禁止某人用某物或做某事”；B:bar“禁止，指用障碍物阻止或禁止”；C:disqualify“取消……的资格”；D:excuse“原谅”。句意：他被禁止参加比赛，因为他没有遵守比赛规则。结合句意，故C为正确答案。

3.单选题

Oneoftherecurrentfrustrationsandtragediesinthehistoryofthoughtiscausedbytheuncertainty（

）tosolveagivenproblembytraditionalmethodspreviouslyappliedtoproblemswhichseemtobeofthesamenature.

问题1选项

A.thatispossible

B.whetheritispossible

C.thatitispossible

D.aboutwhatispossible

【答案】B

【解析】考查同位语从句。句子主干为Oneoftherecurrentfrustrationsandtragediesiscausedbytheuncertainty（反复出现的挫折和悲剧之一是由不确定性引起的），由空格前的uncertainty（不确定性）可知此处表示的是“一种可能性”。因此选B，由whether引导的同位语从句对前面的抽象名词uncertainty进行解释说明。句意：思想史上反复出现的挫折和悲剧之一，是由不确定性引起的，即是否用传统的方法来解决一个给定的问题，这些方法以前应用于看起来性质相同的问题中。

4.单选题

InItaly,itisgoodmannersforaman[A]togreetanothermanwithanembraceandakiss[B]oneverycheek.[C]NotsoinSouthTexas,wheremenstand3feetapartand[D]at90degreeanglestoconversewithoneanother.Allcultureshaverulesandifyouviolatethem,youwillbeexcluded.

问题1选项

A.greetanotherman

B.oneverycheek

C.NotsoinSouthTexas

D.at90degreeangles

【答案】B

【解析】考查代词用法。B选项中的every指三个或以上的人或事物的全体，而一个人的脸颊只有两边，应将every改为each。

5.翻译题

1.TheCenterforMediaResearchrecentlyreleasedareportaboutblogs.Itsaysallstudiesagreethatblogsareprevalentaroundtheworld.

2.Onestudyfoundthatmorethanonehundredeightymillionpeoplearoundtheworldhavestartedablog.Andmorethanthreehundredfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldreadblogs.Anotherstudyfoundbloggersinsixty-sixcountriesonsixcontinents.Itfoundblogsineighty-onelanguages.

3.Peopleinmanyprofessions,includingtheentertainmentindustryandnewsorganizations'arewritingblogs.VOAwritersareamongthem.AlexBelindaisthechiefwriteroftheVOAnewsblog.4.HediscussesissuesoffreedomofthepressandVOAprogramming.Healsoanswersquestions,commentsandcriticismfromthepublic.

5.Onarecentblog,MisterBelinda(贝林达)wroteaboutVOA’srulesdemandingaccuracyandobjectivity.HewrotethatVOArulesstatethatVOAreporters“donotspeakfortheUnitedStatesgovernment.”HealsowrotethattheideathatanygovernmentagencycantellVOAwhattosayisfalse.

【答案】1.媒体研究中心最近发布了一份关于博客的报告。它说，所有的研究都认为博客在世界各地都很流行。

2.一项研究发现，全世界有超过1.8亿人开始写博客。全世界有超过3.4亿人阅读博客。

3.许多行业的人，包括娱乐业和新闻机构的人都在写博客。美国之音记者也在其中。

4.他讨论了新闻自由和VOA节目的问题。他还回答公众的问题、评论和批评。

5.在最近的一篇博客中，贝琳达先生提到了美国之音要求准确性和客观性的规定。他写道，VOA规则规定，美国之音记者“不代表美国政府发言”。

6.单选题

Duringadolescence,thedevelopmentof,politicalideologybecomesapparentintheindividualideologyhereisdefinedasthepresenceofroughlyconsistentattitudes,moreorlessorganizedinreferencetoamoreencompassing,thoughperhapstacit,setofgeneralprinciples.Assuch,politicalideologyisdimorabsentatthebeginningofadolescence.Itsacquisitionbytheadolescent,ineventhemostmodestsense,requirestheacquisitionofrelativelysophisticatedcognitiveskills:theabilitytomanageabstractness,tosynthesizeandgeneralize,toimaginethefuture.Theseareaccompaniedbyasteadyadvanceintheabilitytounderstandprinciples.

Thechild’rapidacquisitionofpoliticalknowledgealsopromotesthegrowthofpoliticalideologyduringadolescence.Byknowledge,Imeanmorethanthedreary"facts",suchasthecompositionofcountygovernmentthatthechildisexposedtointheconventionalninth-gradecivicscourse.NordoImeanonlyinformationoncurrentpoliticalrealities.Thesearefacetsofknowledge,buttheyarelesscriticalthantheadolescent'sabsorption,oftenunwittingly,ofafeelingforthosemanyunspokenassumptionsaboutthepoliticalsystemthatcomprisethecommongroundof,understanding,forexample,whatthestatecan“appropriately”demandofitscitizens,andviceversa,orthe“proper”relationshipofgovernmenttosubsidiarysocialinstitutions,suchastheschoolsandchurches.Thus,politicalknowledgeistheawarenessofsocialassumptionsandrelationshipsaswellasofobjectivefactsmuchofthenativethatcharacterizedtheyoungeradolescent'sgraspofpoliticsstemsnotfrom.Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutanignoranceof"facts",butfromanincompletecomprehensionofthecommonconventionsofthesystem,ofwhatisandisnotcustomarilydone,andofhowandwhyitisorisnotdone.

YetIdonotwanttooveremphasizethesignificanceofincreasedpoliticalknowledgeinformingadolescentideology.OvertheyearsIhavebecomeprogressivelydisenchantedaboutthecentralityofsuchknowledgeandhavecometobelievethatmuchcurrentworkinpolitical-socialization,byrelyingtooheavilyonitsapparentacquisition,hasbeenmisledaboutthetempoofpoliticalunderstandinginadolescence.Justasyoungchildrencancountnumbersinserieswithoutgraspingtheprincipleofordination,youngadolescentsmayhaveintheirheadsmanyrandombitsofpoliticalinformationwithoutasecureunderstandingofthoseconceptsthatwouldgiveorderandmeaningtotheinformation.

Likemagpies,children'smindspickupbitsandpiecesofdatA.Ifyouencouragethem,theywilldroptheseatyourfeet-republicansandDemocrats,thetripartitedivisionofthefederalsystem,perhapseventhecapitalofMassachusetts.Butuntiltheadolescenthasgraspedtheintegumentaryfunctionthatconceptsandprinciplesprovide,thedataremainfragmented,random,disordered.

86.Theauthorsprimarypurposeinthepassageisto（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingcontributestothedevelopmentofpoliticalideologyduringadolescence?

3.Theauthorusestheterm"commongroundofunderstanding"(ParA.2)toreferto（）.

4.Thepassagesuggeststhat,duringearlyadolescence,achildwouldfindwhichofthefollowingmostdifficulttounderstand?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutschools?

问题1选项

A.clarifythekindsofunderstandinganadolescentmusthaveinordertodevelopapoliticalideology.

B.disputethetheorythatapoliticalideologycanbeacquiredduringadolescence

C.explainwhyadolescentsaregenerallyuninterestedinpoliticalargument

D.suggestvariousmeansofencouragingadolescentstodeveloppersonalpoliticalideologies

问题2选项

A.Consciousrecognitionbytheadolescentofhisorherownnaivete

B.Thoroughcomprehensionoftheconceptofordination

C.Evaluationbytheadolescentofthegeneralprinciplesencompassinghisorherspecificpoliticalideas.

D.Intuitiveunderstandingofrelationshipsamongvariouscomponentsofsociety

问题3选项

A.familiarlegislationregardingpoliticalactivity

B.theexperiencesthatalladolescentsshare

C.asociety'sgeneralsenseofitsownpoliticalactivity

D.asociety'swillingnesstoresolvepoliticaltensions

问题4选项

A.Abookchroniclingthewaysinwhichthepresidentialinaugurationceremonyhaschangedovertheyears.

B.AnessayinwhichanincidentinBritishhistoryisusedtoexplainthesystemofmonarchicsuccession

C.Asummaryoftherespectiveresponsibilitiesofthelegislative,executive,andjudicialbranchesofgovernment.

D.Adebateinwhichtheparticipantsargue,respectively,thatthefederalgovernmentshouldorshouldnotsupportprivateschools.

问题5选项

A.Theyshouldpresentpoliticalinformationaccordingtocarefullyplannedandschematicarrangements

B.Theythemselvesconstitutepartofageneralsociopoliticalsystemthatadolescentsarelearningtounderstand.

C.Iftheytointroducepoeticalsubjectmatterintheprimarygrades,studentswouldunderstandcurrentpoliticalrealitiesatanearlierage

D.Theyareineffectualtothedegreethattheydisregardadolescents'politicalnaivete

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干大意询问作者想要通过本文表达什么。读完原文可知，文章讨论的主要是青少年阶段政治观念的形成，从不同的方面论述了政治观念形成所必需的几种认知技能。作者先后对politicalideology和politicalknowledge进行了界定。第三段中提及许多研究过分依赖后者（政治知识）的获得，指出这是不正确的做法，A项翻译为“必须要澄清理解青少年的方式，以便提出一种政治上的观念”。该选项符合题意，正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到原文第二段第四句“Thesearefacetsofknowledge,buttheyarelesscriticalthantheadolescent'sabsorption,oftenunwittingly,ofafeelingforthosemanyunspokenassumptionsaboutthepoliticalsystemthatcomprisethecommongroundofunderstanding.”，中文翻译为：这些都是知识的方面，但它们比青少年吸收（通常是无意间吸收）许多关于政治制度的潜移默化的想法要重要得多，这些假设构成了理解共识。“forexample,whatthestatecan“appropriately”demandofitscitizens,andviceversa，orthe“proper”relationshipofgovernmenttosubsidiarysocialinstitutions,suchastheschoolsandchurches.”中文翻译为：例如，国家可以“适当地”要求公民什么，反之亦然，或者政府与附属社会机构如学校和教会的“适当”关系。”以及“Thus,politicalknowledgeistheawarenessofsocialassumptionsandrelationshipsaswellasofobjectivefactsmuchofthenativethatcharacterizedtheyoungeradolescent'sgraspofpoliticsstemsnotfrom.”，中文翻译为：因此，政治知识是对社会假设和关系的认识，也是对客观事实的认识。因此，综合得知，D项正确。

3.词义猜测题。根据题干中关键短语“commongroundofunderstanding”可以定位到原文第二段后这一短语后的举例“forexample,whatthestatecan“appropriately”demandofitscitizens,andviceversa,orthe“proper”relationshipofgovernmenttosubsidiarysocialinstitutions,suchastheschoolsandchurches.”，中文翻译为：例如，国家可以“适当地”要求公民什么，反之亦然，或者政府与附属社会机构如学校和教会的“适当”关系。以及后文的意思可知，“理解共识”指的就是社会对诸如国家和公民之间相互的正当需求、政府与社会机构之间的正常关系等在理解上的一种认识。因此，最佳答案为C项。

4.推理判断题。原文第一段谈及政治意识形态在青春期之初是模糊或缺失的。由题干可以定位到原文第三段中“Justasyoungchildrencancountnumbersinserieswithoutgraspingtheprincipleofordination,youngadolescentsmayhaveintheirheadsmanyrandombitsofpoliticalinformationwithoutasecureunderstandingofthoseconceptsthatwouldgiveorderandmeaningtotheinformation.”，中文翻译为：如小孩子在不掌握排序原则的情况下可以数数一样，青少年在头脑中可能有许多随机的政治信息，而没有安全地理解那些能给信息带来秩序和意义的概念。以及原文第四段中“Butuntiltheadolescenthasgraspedtheintegumentaryfunctionthatconceptsandprinciplesprovide,thedataremainfragmented,random,disordered.”中文翻译为：但在青少年掌握了概念和原则所提供的整体功能之前，数据仍然是零碎的、随机的、无序的。”可以得出D项（中文含义：一场辩论，参与者分别认为联邦政府应该支持私立学校，或不应该支持私立学校）是青少年比较难理解的。

5.推理判断题。首先，根据题干可以定位到原文第二段第四句，将学校和教会作为组成政治体系的一个例子；然后，在该段第五、六句指出，青少年幼稚的政治知识源自对这一政治体系的不完全理解。由此可以推知，作者认为学校本身就是社会政治体系中的组成部分，学生从中可以学会理解这一体系，因此，B项正确。

7.单选题

Indigitalelectronics,signalsarebrokendownintothousands,maybemillions,（）,whichareencodedaszeroesandones.

问题1选项

A.ofbitsofinformation

B.ofmuchinformation

C.oflittleinformation

D.ofinformation

【答案】A

【解析】information是不可数名词，选项D错；littleinformation否定含义，不符合本题句意，C选项错；B选项语义不通。只有A选项正确。

8.翻译题

ManychangesaretakingplaceinAmericans’foodstyles.1.TheUnitedStatesistraditionallyfamousforitssolidandunchangingdietofmeatandpotatoes.Nowwehavemanydifferentalternativestochoosefrom:variousethnicfoods,nutrition-balancedhealthfood,andconvenientanddeliciousfastfood,inadditiontothetraditionalhome-cookedmeal.

EthnicrestaurantsarecommonplaceintheUnitedStates.BecausetheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrants,thereisanimmensevarietyinitscateringcultures.AnylargeAmericancityisfilledwithrestaurantsservinginternationalcooking.

2.Healthfoodgainedpopularitywhenpeoplebegantothinkmoreseriouslyabouttheirphysicalwell-being.Theveryterm“healthfood”isironicbecauseitimpliesthatthereisalso“unhealthyfood”.Healthfoodincudesnaturalfoodwithminimalprocessing,i.e.,therearenopresevativestohelpitlastlongerorotherchemicalstomakeittastyorlooklikebetter.3.Mosthealthfoodenthusiastsarevegetarians:Theyeatnomeat;theyprefertogettheiressentialproteinsfromothersources,suchasbeans,cheese,andeggs.

Fast-foodrestaurantscanbeseenalloverthecountry.SpeedisaveryimportantfactorinthelifeofanAmerican.Peopleusuallyhaveaveryshortlunchbreakortheyjustdonotwanttowastetheirtimeeating.Andfoodinfast-foodrestaurantsisalwayscheap.

Americans’attitudetowardfoodischanging,too.Thetraditionalbigbreakfastislosingpopularity.Peoplearerediscoveringthesocialimportanceoffood.4.Dinnerwithfamilyorfriendsisagainbecomingaspecialwayofenjoyingandsharing.Likesomanypeopleinothercountries,manyAmericansaretakingtimetorelaxandenjoythefinertastesatdinner,eveniftheystillrushthroughlunchatahamburgerstand.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】（1）从传统意义上讲，美国食品因其厚腻而又一成不变的土豆烧肉而为世人所熟知。如今我们有许多不同的选择：除了传统的家常菜以外，还有各种民族风味食品、营养保健食品以及方便可口的快餐食品。

（2）当人们开始重视自身健康时，保健食品倍受欢迎。“保健食品”这种说法具有讽刺意味，因为它暗示还有“非保健食品”。

（3）大多数热衷于保健食品的人是素食主义者：他们不吃肉，宁愿从其他渠道，如大豆、奶酪和鸡蛋中获取必要的蛋白质。

（4）同家人或朋友共进晚餐又成为一种特别的分享快乐的方式。尽管美国人仍然会站在汉堡包摊位前匆匆吃完午餐，但在吃晚饭时，他们像其他国家的许多人一样，从容不迫地享受着美味佳肴。

9.单选题

Educationisoneofthekey,wordsofourtime.Amanwithoutaneducation,manyofusbelieve,isanunfortunatevictimofunfortunatecircumstancesdeprivedofoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryopportunities.Convincedoftheimportanceofeducation,modernstates‘invest’,ininstitutionsoflearningtogetback"interest"intheformofalargegroupofenlightenedyoungmenandwomenwhoarepotentialleaders.Education,withitscyclesofinstructionsocarefullyworkedout,punctuatedbytext-books—thosepurchasablewellsofwisdom—whatwouldcivilizationbelikewithoutitsbenefits?

Somuchiscertain:thatwewouldhavedoctorsandpreachers,lawyersanddefendants,marriagesandbirth;butourspiritualoutlookwouldbedifferent.Wewouldlaylessstresson"factsandfigures"andmoreonagoodmemory,onappliedpsychology,,andonthecapacityofamantogetalongwithhisfellow-citizens.Ifoureducationalsystemwerefashionedafteritsbooklesspastwewouldhavethemostdemocraticformof"college"imaginable.Amongthepeoplewhomweliketocallsavagesallknowledgeinheritedbytraditionissharedbyall;itistaughttoeverymemberofthetribesothatinthisrespecteverybodyisequally,equippedforlife.

Itistheidealconditionofthe"equalstart"whichonlyourmostprogressiveformsofmoderneducationtrytoregain.Inprimitiveculturestheobligationtoseekandtoreceivethetraditionalinstructionisbindingtoall.Thereareno"illiterates"—ifthetermcanbe,appliedtopeopleswithoutascriptwhileourowncompulsoryschoolattendancebecamelawinnecessaryin1642,inFrancein1806,andinEnglandin1976,andisstillnon-existentinanumberof"civilized"nations.Thisshowshowlongitwasbeforewedeemeditnecessarytomakesurethinallonknowledgeaccumulatedbythe"happyfew"duringthepastcenturies.

Educationinthewildernessisnotamatterofmonetarymeans.Allareentitledtoanequalstart.Thereisnoneofthehurrywhich,inoursociety,oftenhampersthefulldevelopmentofagrowingpersonality.There,achildgrowsupundertheever-presentattentionofhisparents;thereforethejunglesandthesavagesknowofno"juveniledelinquency".Nonecessityofmakingalivingawayfromhomeresultsinneglectofchildren,andnofatherisconfrontedwithhisinabilityto"buy"aneducationforhischild.

1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis（）

.

2.Theword"interest"inparagraphonemeans（）.

3.Theauthorseems（）

.

4.Thepassageimpliesthat（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?

问题1选项

A.TheSignificanceofEducation

B.EducationalInvestmentandItsReturns

C.Education:AComparisonofItsPastandItsPresent

D.EducationintheWilderness

问题2选项

A.capitalprofitgotbackfromtheinvestment

B.thethingsyoungpeopleareinterestedin

C.thewell-educatedandsuccessfulyoungmenandwomen

D.thewell-educatedyoungpeoplewithleadershippotential

问题3选项

A.againsttheeducationintheveryearlyhistorictimes

B.positiveaboutourpresenteducationalinstruction

C.infavoroftheeducationalpracticeinprimitivecultures

D.quitehappytoseeanequalstartforeveryone

问题4选项

A.somefamiliesnowcanhardlyaffordtosendtheirchildrentoschool

B.everyonetodayhasanequalopportunityineducation

C.every,countryinvestsheavilyineducation

D.wearenotverycertainwhetherpreachersarenecessaryornot

问题5选项

A.Onewithouteducationtodayhasnoopportunities.

B.Wehavenotyetdecidedonoureducationmodels.

C.Compulsoryschoolingislegalobligationinseveralcountriesnow.

D.Ourspiritualoutlookisbetternowthanbefore.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:通读全文可知本文主要是讲教育的重要性。选项B，C，D只是文中的部分内容，太过于片面。

第2题:根据第一段“Convinced...togetback"interest"intheformofalargegroupofenlightenedyoungmenandwomenwhoarepotentialleaders.”选项D符合原文。

第3题:根据第二段的最后一句“...sothatinthisrespecteverybodyisequally,equippedforlife.”...所以在这方面每个人都是平等的。作者希望看到每个人都能有一个平等的起点。选项D符合原文。

第4题:根据第三段的第一句“Itistheidealconditionofthe"equalstart"whichonlyourmostprogressiveformsofmoderneducationtrytoregain.”以及第四段的第一句“Educationinthewildernessisnotamatterofmonetarymeans.Allareentitledtoanequalstart.”可知，作者认为每个人都有平等的机会接受教育。

第5题:根据第三段“ourowncompulsoryschoolattendancebecamelawinnecessaryin1642,”我们的义务教育在1642年成为法律，所以选项B我们还没有确定教育模式错误；根据第三段“andisstillnon-existentinanumberof"civilized"nations”义务教育成为法律在许多“文明”国家仍然不存在，所以选项C错误；选项D也错误，我们的精神面貌在文中只是说和以前不同，没有说比以前更好。

10.填空题

Who（1）youyourfirstChinesecharacterswhenyouwereachild?Anddidyouuseapencil,apen（2）abrushtowritethem?

【答案】1.taught

2.and

【解析】1.语义题。teachsb.sth.“教授某人”，由题干的表示时间的“whenyouwereachild”可知第一个空应填入teach的过去式taught。

2.逻辑分析。apencil,apen,abrush三者是并列关系,用and连接表示列举。

11.单选题

Plasticsarethebestinsulatorofelectricity,rubber（

）itclosely.

问题1选项

A.following

B.followed

C.tofollow

D.beingfollowed

【答案】A

【解析】考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词的不定式表示将来或目的，过去分词表示被动，现在分词表示主动。句中的it指代plastic，此处表示rubber紧跟plastic后面，为主动关系，因此选A。句意：塑料是最好的绝缘材料，橡胶紧随其后。

12.单选题

I.Thepsychologicalexplorationintolitigants’proceduralpreferencesdatesbacktotheearly1970s,whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm—andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.Theydemonstratedthatwhenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.Theirearlyworkhighlightstheimportantrolethat“voice”(i.e.,theopportunitytoshareone’sstoryorsideofthedispute)playsinhowdisputantsconstruedisputeresolutionoptions,whichinturnilluminatesthecriticalrolethatsubjectiveperceptionsplayinthefunctioningofthelegalsystem.Subsequentresearchproducedadditionaltheoriesthatexplainwhydisputantscareaboutprocess.Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.Anotherframework—the“groupvalue”model—suggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

Inpractice,legalorganizationsandscholarsoftenusetheconceptofcontroltoclassifylegalprocedures.Mediationandnegotiationarecommonlyconceptualizedasofferinglitigantsgreaterprocessandoutcomecontrolascomparedtoadjudicatoryoptionssuchastrialandarbitration.TheAmericanBarAssociation,forexample,describesmediationandnegotiationasofferingpartiesgreaterparticipationinreachingaresolution,aswellascontrolovertheoutcome.Similarly,scholarsoftenconceptualizelegalproceduresonaspectrum.Ononeendofthescale,negotiationoffersparticipantscontroloverboththeprocessandoutcomeanddoesnotinvolveathird-partyneutral.Ontheotherend,arbitrationandtrialempowerthird-partyneutralstodeterminetheoutcomeofadisputeandimposeformalityontheprocess.Mediation,existinginthemiddleofthespectrum,utilizesathird-partyneutral,butallowspartiestoshapetheprocessandcontroltheoutcome.

1.ThibautandWalkerareregardedas___.

2.ThibautandWalkerfoundintheirresearchthatlaypeople___.

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthestatementsiswrong?

4.Whatisthemostsuitabletopicofthesecondparagraph?

问题1选项

A.researchersoflitigants'proceduralpreferences

B.laypeoplewhocareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisions

C.originatorsoftheempiricalresearchofproceduraljustice

D.empiricalresearchers

问题2选项

A.caremoreabouttheirdirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem

B.evaluateproceduresbythedistributionofcontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties

C.preferproceduresthatdoesnotallowthethirdpartiestocontroltheprocess

D.believethatprocesscontrolprovidesadirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome

问题3选项

A.Whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisclear,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocessasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

B.Socialexchangetheorysuggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.

C.Groupvaluemodelsuggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.

D.Processhasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice.

问题4选项

A.NegotiationOffersLitigantstheGreatestControl

B.MediationOffersLitigantsGreaterControl

C.ArbitrationOffersLitigantsLessControl

D.ClassificationofLegalProceduresbyProcessControl

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键字“ThibautandWalker”定位到原文第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm…（当Thibaut和Walker的实证研究——很大程度上被认为是程序正义范式的创始人……）可知选C选项“程序正义实证研究的发起人”以及D选项“实证研究”错误；A选项“诉讼当事人程序偏好的研究人员”，B选项“关心他们对法律决定的直接和间接控制的外行人”和原文不符。因此C选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段whenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).（当外行评估程序时，他们通常会评估程序如何在当事人本身和第三方（如调解员、仲裁员、法官）之间分配控制权）可知选B选项“通过在双方和第三方之间分配控制权来评估程序”；第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker…andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.（当Thibaut和Walker的实证研究……和他们的同事们发现，外行关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接和间接控制）可知A选项“更关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接控制”错误，不完整；第一段Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.（他们的研究还表明，争论双方更喜欢让他们（而不是第三方）控制过程的程序）可知只是不喜欢让第三方控制过程的程序而不是不允许，C选项“选择不允许第三方控制过程的程序”过度推测；第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.（一种理论——“工具”或“社会交换”理论——认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果）可知D选项“相信过程控制提供了一种直接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”和原文相悖。因此B选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句话Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.（其他研究强调了过程对人们如何感知社会公正的重要影响——当结果的公平性不明确时，人们通常会把他们对过程的评价作为评估结果的心理捷径）可知A选项“当一个结果的公平性很明确时，人们通常会把他们对这个过程的评估作为评估结果的心理捷径”和原文相悖，D选项“过程对人们如何感知社会公正有重要的影响”在原文中有提及；第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.（一种理论——“工具”或“社会交换”理论——认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果）可知B选项“社会交换理论认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们相信它提供了一种间接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”原文有提及；第一段Anotherframework—the“groupvalue”model—suggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.（另一个框架——“群体价值”模型——表明人们关心过程，因为他们所经历的过程的质量有助于他们评估自己在群体或社区中的地位和包容性）可知C选项“群体价值模型表明人们关心过程，因为他们所经历的过程的质量有助于他们评估自己在群体或社区中的地位和包容性”原文有提及。因此A选项符合题意。

4.主旨大意题。根据题干定位到第二段中心句Inpractice,legalorganizationsandscholarsoftenusetheconceptofcontroltoclassifylegalprocedures.（在实践中，法律组织和学者经常使用控制的概念对法律程序进行分类）可知选D选项“根据过程控制对法律程序进行分类”，第二段之后的内容都是围绕中心句展开，举例说明如何使用控制的概念对法律程序进行分类；A选项“谈判给予当事人最大的控制权”，B选项“调解为当事人提供更大的控制权”是第二段中一部分内容，没有概括性；C选项“仲裁减少了当事人的控制权”未在第二段明确提及。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

Thehighcostforgettingtherewas（

）bythefactthatIfoundaverycheapplacetolive.

问题1选项

A.offset

B.participated

C.elaborated

D.reclaimed

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项offset“抵消，弥补”；B选项participate“参与，分享”；C选项elaborate“详细描述，变复杂”；D选项reclaim“开拓，抗议”。句意：到这里的成本高是因为事情变得复杂，我找到了一个非常便宜的地方住。选项C更符合语境。

14.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

1.Andgivingshouldbestrategicphilanthropyshouldnotsimplyrespondtoneedsbutshouldlookforinvestmentopportunitiesthatyieldsignificancereturns.

2.Whatremainspertinentisthereport’svisionoftheroleofgovernmentinresearch,includinghisassertionthatthefederalgovernmenthadboththeauthorityandtheobligationtosupportbasicresearch.

3.Thisneedisenshrinedintheconceptofsustainabledevelopment,whichmeansthatwemust,forthebenefitofcominggenerations,leaveenoughenvironmentalspacesothatthesegenerationswillbeabletoaddresstheirneedsandfulfillthe