2023学年完整版Unit4Sharing备课资料7

Unit4Sharing备课资料ⅠDefinition.在名词性从句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，从句放在所修饰词（即先行词）之后由关系副词或关系代词引导。.:ThestorythatyoureadisTheRescue.你读的故事叫《营救》。Sheisthegirlwhogotthefirstprize.她就是那个得了第一名的女孩。ⅡRelatives.1.RelativePronouns:that,which,who,whom,whoseReferringtoFunctionwhopeoplesubject/objectwhompeopleobjectthatpeople/thingssubject/objectwhichthingssubject/objectwhosepeople/thingsattribute(1)当先行词指人时使用who和whom,若在句中作主语用who;如果作宾语用whom,但在口语中,常用who代替whom,也可省略。.Theforeignerwho/thatvisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.(作主语)Theboywho/thatbrokethewindowiscalledJack.(作主语)Thegirlwho/whom/that/×wemetyesterdayisLiFei’ssister.(作宾语)Heisthemanwhom/that/who/×Ivisitedlastweek.(作宾语)(2)that先行词即可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。.Hehasjustmovedintothehousethat/whichwasbuiltlastyear.(作主语)Thenoodles(that)Icookedweredelicious.(作宾语)Let’saskthemanthat/whoisreadingthebookoverthere.(作主语)Thegirl(that/whom/×)wesawyesterdayisJim’ssister.(作宾语)(3)当先行词指物时用which，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。.Theyplantedthetreeswhichdon’tneedmuchwater.(作主语)Thebooks(which/that)weboughtwerenotinteresting.(作宾语)(4)whose引导定语从句，先行词可是人也可是物，在从句中作定语。.MissSmithistheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.(作定语)HarryistheboywhosemotherisourChineseteacher.(作定语)◆“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与ofwhich结构互换，词序是：“名词+ofwhich”，如：Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)★当关系代词缺少先行词时，需用theone来补充.Isthemuseumtheone(that)youvisited?(5)介词和关系代词引导的定语从句。eq\o\ac(○,1)关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。.Theathletetowhomyoutalkedisafamousrunner.(whom不能省略，不能用who代替)→Theathletewhom/that/×youtalkedtoisafamousrunner.Mr.Whiteistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite.(whom不能省略，不能用who代替)ThisisthepenwithwhichIwrotetheletter.(which不能省略，不能用that代替)→Thisisthepenthat/which/Iwrotetheletterwith.eq\o\ac(○,2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。.Isthisthewatchwhichheislookingfor?(不能说成：Isthisthewatchforwhichheislooking?)Theoldmanwhomthenursearelookingafterisverywellnow.Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.eq\o\ac(○,3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面;而当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，关系代词可用that/which(指物)；that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可省略。.Thecitythat/which/×shelivesinisveryfaraway.=Thecityinwhichshelivesisveryfaraway.Thisistheherothat/who/whom/×weareproudof.不能说：Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.eq\o\ac(○,4)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。.Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.2.RelativeAdverbs:where,when,whyAntecedentAntecedentPlaceFunctionReplacedbywhereplaceadverbialofplaceat/in+whichwhentimeadverbialoftimeat/in/on+whichwhyreasonadverbialofreasonfor+which(1)where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。.Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichwelivedlastyear.Thefactorywhere/inwhichhisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.(2)when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.We’llneverforgetthehappytimewhen/atwhichweworkedonthefarm.(3)why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。.Thereareseveralreasonswhy/forwhichwecan’tdothat.Hecouldn’tgivemeagoodreasonwhy/forwhichhewaslateforschool.ⅢTypes:RestrictiveAttributiveClause&Non-RestrictiveAttributiveClause限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”，与主句不隔开用逗号“，”，与主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思关系词使用上作宾语时可省略可用that可用who代替whom不可省略不用that不可用who代替whom1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。.Thisisthetelegramwhich/thatherefersto.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。.ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.◆引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who,whom,whose,which,when和where，不可以用that和why。另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholatertoldittohisbrother.=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较：Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.（只有一个）｛4．在正式文体中，以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以inwhich或that引导，如：Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.◆但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略inwhich或that:.Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.Idon’tliketheway(that)youlaughather.Thisistheplacewhereheworks.｛Thisistheplacewhereheworks.｛Thisistheplacethat/whichThisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlastmonth.★在非正式场合，that可代替where,when,why;常见的情况是：此时的先行词通常是theplace,thetime,thereason,而且that常可省略。Thisistheplace(that)heworks.(=where)Thatwasthetime(that)hearrived.(=when)Thisisthereason(that)hecame.(=why)Practice:Isthisthefactorythat/which/×hisfathervisitedlastyear?Isthisfactorytheonethat/which/×hisfathervisitedlastyear?Isthisthefactorywhere/atwhichhisfatherworkedlastyear?Isthisfactorytheonetowhichhisfatherpaidavisitlastyear?Attention:1.在.中，关系代词作主语，只能用who指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。2.关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.在.中，只能用that，不用which指物的情况(1)当先行词为不定代词all,much,little,only,just,every,last,oneof,no,little,few,any,something,everything,anything，nothing,none,theone......及thevery,thelast,thenext,theonly或被不定代词修饰时.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.TheonlythingthatIwanttodoistohavearest.ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.(2)当先行词为序数词、形容词的最高级或被它们修饰时.Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangZhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.(3)当先行词既有人又有物时.Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?Thefilmstarandherfilmthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywell-known.Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.(4)由which或who等特殊疑问词引导的句子.Whichisthebikethatyoulost?Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?(5)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时.Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.Heisnotthepersonthatheusedtobe..:Shanghaiisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.(6)如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词用which,另一个用that以避免重复。.Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.4.用which而不用that的场合(1)当关系代词前有介词时.Thisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.(2)引导非限制性定语从句which可代表先行词或者前句，“这一点，这件事”.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.(他建立了一个生产以前从未见过的东西的工厂)Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.(3)先行词为that,those时.What’sthatwhichwasputinthecar?(4)一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.让我给你看这本从图书馆借的刚刚向我们开放的书。5.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that(1)当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等词时。.Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.(◆在非正式文体中可以说：You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.)(2)当先行词是I,you,he,they,those,people,person等词时。如：.Hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindsgettingwet.Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.(◆在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用hethat…。如：Hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.)(3)当先行词是人，后面有较长的定语修饰时。如：Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?你知道那位穿蓝色衣服，戴厚眼镜在会上发言的作家吗？(4)在therebe结构中，先行词指人时，只用who.Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.(5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，一个用that,另一个常用who(m)来引导，如：.ThemanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadmasterwhohasjustcomefromShanghai.Sheistheonlygirl(that)Iknowwhocanplaytheguitar.6.注意way和time后接定语从句的情况(1)当先行词是way“方式、方法”时，引导的定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：.Idon’tunderstandthewayinwhich/that/×theyworkedouttheproblem.:Thewaythat/which/×heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.（作宾语）他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。Thewaythat/inwhich/×heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.（作宾语）他向我们解释句子的那种方法并不难理解。Ex:表示……的……时可以有三种方式：例如：封面是白色的书(在定语从句中whose可以指人的…和物的…)…thebookwhosecoveriswhite…/…thebookthecoverofwhichiswhite…/…thebookofwhichthecoveriswhite(2)先行词是time时，若time表示“次数”时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若表示“一段时间”时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。.Thisisthesecondtime(that)thePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.Icouldhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)Ihavefailedinexams.我不记得我考试有多少次失败了。Thiswasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets.7.定语从句的主谓一致（1）关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是个句子时，从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。.Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishome-made.I,whoamyourclassmate,willsharetheworkwithyou.(2)“oneof+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的动词通常用复数;但当one前有the(only),the(very)等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.Mr.Wangisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhohasbeeninvitedtohavedinnerwithus.王先生是我的唯一一位被邀请与我们共进晚餐的朋友。TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildingthatdrawlotsofvisitors.长城是吸引大批游客的伟大建筑物之一。TheGreatWallisthe(only)oneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.长城是地球上唯一一个从月球上可以看到的建筑物。nottheonlyoneof…..=onlyoneof.Tomisn’ttheonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.通过考试的男孩，Tom并非唯一。=Tomisonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.Tom只是通过了考试的男孩子们中的一个（不是唯一）。(3)当关系代词as和which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.Hehaspassedthecollegeentranceexamination,whichmakeshisparentsquitehappy.Ⅴas引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中做主语、宾语、表语。as引导限制性定语从句。(1)such+名词+as……“像…..一样的”“像……之类”thesame+名词+as……“和…….同样的”其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语.Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(as作主语)我们已经找到了像他们公产里用的那种材料。Suchpeopleasyoudescribearethoughttobefoolsnowadays.(as作宾语)当今像你描述的这种人被看作傻瓜。Heisnotthesamemanashewas.(as作表语)※※当先行词被thesame所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。That表示同一事物；as表示同一种类。.ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。※在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.这里要注意的是：(1)使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.(2)在“thesame…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.=ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.=ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.但在“thesame…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。(3)当“thesame…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。.HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.=Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?=Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat?（4）……suchas……(当先行词前有such,so,as时，关系词应当用as)such为代词“这样的人或物”,as在从句中担当成分,修饰先行词such.ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.(as作宾语)这不是一本我所希望的书。Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn’tunderstand.一个聪明男人很少会谈这些他不懂的事物。HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand.他用这样人都能听懂的简单英语说话。Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.Let’sdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.让我们讨论这些能够自由谈论的事情。另需注意：ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.（定语从句）这本书用初学者都懂懂的简单英语写成。ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstand.（结果状语从句）这本书用如此简单的英语写成以至于初学者都懂。关系代词as和which引导的定语从句。(1)相同的是两者都可代指主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。(2)as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可以在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句后。.Heturnedouttobeverysuccessful,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Asisknowntoall,Edisoninventedthetelephone.=Edisoninventedthetelephone,asisknowntoall.=Edison,asisknowntoall,inventedthetelephone.(3)当先行次受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as.I’veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.(4)as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如beknown,besaid,bereported等；如果行为动词是主