笔译二级综合能力（阅读理解）模拟试卷1

笔译二级综合能力（阅读理解）模拟试

卷1

一、阅读理解（含10小题）（本题共20题，每题1.0

分,共20分。）

SexualReproductionBirdsdoit.Beesdoit.Butdandelionsdon't.Theprodigiousspread

ofthesewinsomeweedsunderscoresalittle-apDreciatedbiologicalfact.Contraryto

humanexperience,sexisnotessentialtoreproduction.Asexualorganismscanoften

churnoutmultiplegenerationsofclones,gainingadistinctedgeintheevolutionary

numbersgame.Andthereinliesthepuzzle:Ifsexissuchaninefficientwaytoreproduce,

whyisitsowidespread?Sexalmostcertainlyoriginatednearly3.5billionyearsagoasa

mechanismforrepairingtheDNAofbacteria.Becauseancientearthwassuchaviolent

place,thegenesoftheseunicellularorganismswouldhavebeenfrequentlydamagedby

intenseheatandultravioletradiation.HConjugation"一theintricateprocessinwhich

onebacteriuminfusesgeneticmaterialintoanother一providedaningenious,if

cumbersome,solutiontothisproblem,althoughbacteriacontinuedtorelyonasexual

reproductiontoincreasetheirnumbers.Animalsex,however,isamorerecentinvention.

BiologistLynnMargulisoftheUniversityofMassachusettsatAmherstbelievesthe

evolutionaryrootsofeggandspermcellscanbetracedbacktoagroupoforganisms

knownasroleststhatfirstappearedsomeI.5billionyearsago.（Modernexamples

includeprotozoa,giantkelpandmalariaparasite.）Duringperiodsofstarvation,Margulis

conjectures,onerotestwasdriventodevouranother.Sometimesthiscannibalisticmeal

wasincompletelydigested,andthenucleiofpreyandpredatorfused.Byjoiningforces,

thefusedcellswerebetterabletosurviveadversity,andbecausetheysurvived,their

penchantforunionwaspassedontotheirdistantdescendants.Fromthisvantagepoint,

humansexualityseemslittlemorethanawondrousaccident,bornofakindoforiginal

sinamongprotozoa.Mostpopulationbiologists,however,believesexwasmaintained

overevolutionarytimebecauseitsomehowenhancedsurvival.Themixingandmatching

ofparentalgenes,theyargue,provideorganismswithanovelmechanismforgenerating

geneticallydifferentoffspring,therebyincreasingtheoddsthattheirprogenycould

exploitnewnichesinachangingenvironmentand,byvirtueoftheirdiversity,havea

betterchanceofsurvivingtheassaultsofbacteriaandothertinygermsthatrapidlyevolve

tricksfbreludingtheirhosts'defenses.

1、Theword"underscore"underlinedinParagraph1mostprobablymeans.

A、overestimate

B、underestimate

C、underline

D、underlie

标准答案：C

知识点解析：词义题型,答案是C。underscore此处意为“强调、凸显”,A选项意

为“高估”，B选项意为“低估”,C选项意为“强调”,D选项意为“构成……的基础或

原因“，故选C。本题核心：1.充分利用上下文语境推测词义；2.区分单词之间

的细微差异。本题中underscore、underline、underlie前缀相同，对三者表意异同的

甄别要依赖于平时对常见常用词汇的积累。

2、By"alittle-appreciatedbiologicalfact",theauthormeans.

A、mostpeoplearenotfamiliarwiththereproductionofdandelions

B、mostpeoplearcnotfamiliarwithasexualreproduction

C、sexualreproductionisseldomfavoredbybiologists

D^asexualreproductionisseldomfavoredbybiologists

标准答案：B

知识点解析：句子主旨题型，答案是B。本题考查对文中特定句子主旨的理解。考

查句在词汇理解层面存在两个关键点：一是appreciate一词，该词为大家所熟悉的

义项是“感激，欣赏“，而此句适合的义项则是“知晓，领会”，整句可直译为“一个

鲜为人知的生物学事实”，C、D选项将appreciate错误理解为favor,将biological

一词错误理解为“生物学家的“，故先排除；二是fact一词，该词行使的是指代功

能，此句本身未说明所指，故需联系上下文加以理解。从冠词a一词可判断此概念

在文中属于首次提及，可推知具体的阐释会出现在此句之前而非之后，而A选项

“蒲公英的繁衍”出现在该句之前\为作者所要陈述事实的证据，故排除。紧随其后

的“Contrarytohumanexperience,sexisnotessentialtoreproduction.”一句对考查句

进一步加以解释说明，可见大多数人认为性对于繁衍而言是必要条件，由此推定C

选项“大多数人对无性繁衍不熟悉''符合作者的表意主旨。本题核心：留意常见词汇

的特殊义项，同时善于运用语法知识锁定正确的信息点所在。

3、AccordingtoParagraph1,asexualreproductionisadvantageousforits.

A、largeoffspringnumbers

B、creationofoffspringwithoutamate

C、creationofgeneticallyidenticaloffspring

D、creationofgeneticallydifferentoffspring

标准答案：A

知识点解析：段落主旨题型，答案是A。本题考查点“无性繁衍的优点”与段落的主

旨密切相关。木段为全文引段，旨在点明主题。作者采用的具体策略是反面对照

法，对照的两方分别为有性和无性繁衍，意在通过彰显无性繁衍的优点来引发读者

思考有性繁衍存在的必要性。段中涉及无性繁衍的叙述有两处，一是theprodigious

spreadofthesewinsomeweeds,二是“Asexualorganismscanoftenchurnoutmultiple

generationsofclones,gainingadistinctedgeintheevolutionarynumbersgame.从

prodigiousspread（疯狂的传播）、chumoutmultiplegenerations（大量制造子子孙孙）和

numbersgame（数字游戏）等描述词可见作者意在突出其繁衍数量多这一优点，故选

Ao本题核心：B、C选择项的内容（无须交配；与后代基因相同）同样属于无性繁殖

的特征，尽管在原文中亦有所提及，但甄选正确答案有赖于把握段落的论证逻辑，

找准表意重心，明确作者在此处提及无性繁殖的用意。

4、Wccaninferfromthepassagethatsexfirstappearedin.

A、bacteria

B、multicellularorganisms

C、rotests

D、protozoa

标准答案：A

知识点解析：细节题型，答案是A。本题考查有性繁衍最早出现在哪种生物形态

上。根据第二段第一句"Sexalmostcertainlyoriginatednearly3.5billionyearsagoas

amechanismforrepairingtheDNAofbacteria.”中的originate一词可基本锁定A选

项“细菌B选项中的organisms一词同样出现在第二段，但修饰词unicellular被

置换为mukicellular,为干扰项。C选项rolesls出现在第三段，对应的时间点为

1.5billionyearsago。D选项protozoa亦出现在第三段，对应的时间点为

modern.依次排序可确定A为正确答案。本题核心：此题涉及时间排序，可通读

全文寻找时间标识词确定答案。

5、WhichstatementisNOTtrueaboutconjugation?

A、Conjugationisaprocesswherebythegenesofbacteriaaretransferred.

B、Conjugationisaprocesswherebythegenesofbacteriaarerecombined.

C>Conjugationisaprocesswherebythegenesofbacteriaarerepaired.

D、Conjugationisaprocesswherebythegenesofbacteriaaredamaged.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：概念主旨题型，答案是D。此题考查对conjugation这一概念的理

解。原文第三段将其描述为“theintricateprocessinwhichonebacteriuminfuses

geneticmaterialintoanother”（一个细菌将遗传物质注入另一个细菌的微妙过程），选

择项并未照搬原文文字,因此需基于原文的描述把握概念的实质「给出的四个选择

项分别为：在这个过程中，细菌的遗传因子A”发生转移，B“进行重组”、C“得到

修复”、D“遭到损害”。A、B选项涉及过程描述，从定义本身可推定此两选项无

误。C、D选项涉及结果/后果描述，从上下文可知，远古地球生存环境恶劣，细

菌遗传因子常因高热和紫外线辐射而遭受损害，conjugation则提供了一种解决方

案，可见结果应当是细菌的遗传因子得到修复，C选项描述无误。正确答案应为

Do本题核心：1.注意题干是以否定形式出现的，要求选出的是描述不正确的选

项；2.不可因原文中出现damage原词而断章取义将其视为正确理解，而应围绕

正确的逻辑关系作答。

6、AccordingtobiologistLynnMargulis,.

A、rotestshavebotheggandspermcells

B、rotestsdevouredeachotherbecauseofstarvation

C、rotestsdevouredeachotherforthesurvivalofitsspecies

D、protozoans,liketheirdistantancestors,devoureachother

B>becauseofsexualreproduction,aspeciescanadaptmorequicklytochangesinits

surroundings

C^withthehelpofsexualreproduction,humansarebetterabletocombatbacteriaand

sperms

D、sexualreproductionleadstoagreatervarietyinpopulation

标准答案：C

知识点解析：是非题型，答案是C。本题涉及对有性繁衍的描述，可采用排除法逐

一考查。从第四段“anovelmechanismfbrgeneratinggeneticallydifferentoffspring”一

句可知，A选项陈述无误；从第三段“thefusedcellswerebetterabletosurvive

adversity”、第四段“increasingtheoddsthattheirprogenycouldexploitnewnichesina

changingenvironment”等句可知，B选项陈述无误；D选项“有荏繁衍可使种群种类

更多样”是基于原文信息的合理推断。C选项对应原文第四段的“haveabetterchance

ofsurvivingtheassaultsofbacteriaandothertinygerms”一句，选择项以sperms一词

替代原文中的germs一词以混淆视听，故为有错选项。本题核心：重点关注选择项

的陈述细节，需与文中相应字句一一对照以锁定出错点。

10、Thepurposeofthepassageisto.

A、justifythenecessityofsexualreproduction

B、explaintheoriginofsexualreproduction

C、tracethehistoryofsexualreproduction

D、demonstratethedifferencesbetweensexualandasexualreproduction

标准答案：A

知识点解析：篇章主旨题型，答案是A。本题考查全文主旨。文章除了开头，主干

部分基本未提及无性繁殖，可见无性繁殖只是引子，不是作者的论证重心，由此排

除D选项“阐释有性繁衍和无性繁衍之间的差异”。其余三个选项总结的内容原文

均有涉及，需细读原文考查作者的论证逻辑。从第一段最后一句"Ifsexissuchan

inefficientwaytoreproduce,whyisitsowidespread?”（如果有性繁殖是低效的，为何

会如此普遍?）可初步推定，作者的论证重点是有性繁殖存在的必要性c再考查随后

三段论证，尽管三段文字依次谈到了生物、动物以及人类的有性繁殖，并在段落开

头提及了三者的起源，但在具体论证过程中，突出的是有性繁殖发生的环境、原因

以及生物进化带来的结果，可见"必要性''才是作者的论述主旨，应选A。本题核

心：应同时关注两方面内容，一是文章的开头和结尾，二是具体段落的论证重点，

以得出正确结论。

MemoryBrainsaredifferentfromcomputers,buttheanalogycanbehelpful.LikethePC

onyourdesk,yourmindisequippedwithtwobasictypesofmemory:"working

memory"fbrjugglinginformationinthepresentmoment,and"long-termmemory"for

storingitoverextendedperiods.Contrarytopopularwisdom,ourbrainsdon'trecord

everythingthathappenstousandthenburyituntilahypnotistoratherapisthelpsus

dredgeitup.Mostofwhatweperceivehoversbrieflyinworkingmemory,amentalplay

spaceakintoacomputer'sRAM,thensimplyevaporates.Workingmemoryenablesyou

toperformsimplecalculationsinyourheadorretainphonenumberslongenoughtodial

them.AndlikeRAM,itletsyouanalyzeandinventthingswithoutcreatingalasting

record.Long-termmemoryactsmorelikeaharddrive,physicallyrecordingpast

experiencesinthebrainregionknownascerebralcortex.Thecortex,orouterlayerofthe

brain,housesathicketof10billionvine—likenervecells,whichcommunicateby

relayingchemicalandelectricalimpulses.Wecanwillthingsintolong-termmemory

simplybyrehearsingthem.Butthedecisiontostoreordiscardapieceofinformation

rarelyinvolvesanyconsciousthought.It'susuallyhandledautomaticallybythe

hippocampus,asmall,two-wingedstructurenestleddeepinthecenterofthebrain.Like

thekey-boardonyourcomputer,thehippocampusservesasakindofswitchingstation.

Asneuronsoutinthecortexreceivesensoryinformation.Theyrelayittothe

hippocampus.Ifthehippocampusresponds,thesensonneuronsstartformingadurable

network.Butwithoutthatactofconsent,theexperiencevanishestbrever.Bystoringonly

theinformationweremostlikelytouse,ourbrainsmaketheworldmanageable.Perfect

retentionmaysoundlikeagodsend,butwhenthehippocampusgetsoverlypermissive,

theresultscanbedevastating.Attheotherendofthespectrumstandsimpairmentsofthe

memory,whichcanbecausedbybrainsurgeryaswellasnormalaging.Othermemory

bustersincludedepression,anxietyandasimplelackofstimulation—allofwhichkeep

usfrompayingfullattentiontooursurroundings.What,then,arethebestwaystoprotect

yourmemory?Obviously,anyoneconcernedaboutstayingsharpshouldmakeapointof

sleepingenoughandmanagingstress.Andbecausethebrainisatthemercyofthe

circulatorysystem,aheart-healthylifestylemayhavecognitivebenefitsaswell.

11、Accordingtollicpassage,theworkingniciiiuryandllicloiig-lcruiincmuiyaic

respectivelyfbr.

A、processinginformationandrecordinginformation.

B、calculationandconfirmingthecalculations.

C、storinginformationandperformingcalculations.

D、storinginformationandprocessingthestorage.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A^Whatweareincontactswithmaynotbeallstoredinthethebrain.

B>Whatweareincontactswitharejustshort-livedinthebrain.

C^Allofourimmediateknowledgemaybeallreadyforuse.

D^Onlysomeinformationintheworkingmemorycanberetrievedlater.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

13>Thehippocampusiscomparedtoakeyboardbecause.

A、onlywheninformationisrelatedtothehippocampuscanthesensoryneuronsstart

functioning.

alltheinputofinformationcanbefunctionedbythehippocampus.

C>thehippocampuscantransformalltheinformationreceivedintothecortex.

D、onlywhenthehippocampusisfunctioningcantheinformationbeused.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

14、Whatahumanbraincanrememberanduselargelydependson.

A>thecooperationbetweenthecerebalcortexandthehippocampus.

B、thecooperationbetweenthecerebalcortexandtheneurons.

C、howtheneuronsandthehippocampusareworking.

D、howmucheffortahumanbeingismadeinstoringreceivedinformation.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A、Alltheinformationintheworkingmemorycanbestoredinthelong-termmemory.

Onlysomeoftheinformationcanbestoredinthelong-termmemory.

C>Ifthereceivedinformationisnotjuggled,itmaysoondepartfromthememory.

D^Alltheinformationinthelong-termmemoryisfromtheworkingmemory.

标准答案：A^

知识点解析：暂无解析

TheHistoryofP&GIn1837,thenationwasgrippedbyfinancialpanic,yet,Procterand

Gamblelaunchedtheirnewenterprise,moreconcernedabouthowtocompetewiththe14

othersoapandcandlemakersintheircity.Theircalminthemidstofthateconomic

stormreflectedtheirforward-lookingapproachtothebusiness—anapproachthat

becamethehallmarkofProcter&Gamble.Later,theypioneeredoneofthenation'sfirst

profit-sharingprogramsandwereamongthefirstinAmericanindustrytoinvestina

researchlaboratory.By1890,thefledglingpartnershipbetweenProcterandGamblehad

grownintoamultinationalcorporation.Nevertheless,P&Gstillhaditseyesonthefuture.

Atthattime,P&Gwassellingmorethan30differenttypesofsoap,includingIvory.

Fueledbyinnovativeadvertising,includingfullcolorprintadsinnationalmagazines,

consumers'demandforP&Gsoapscontinuedtogrow.Tomeetthisincreasingdemand,

theCompanybeganexpandingitsoperationsoutsideCincinnati.Itsresearchlaboratory

wasasbusyasitsplants.Innovativenewproductswererolledoutoneafteranother一

IvoryRakes,asoapinflakeformforwashingclothesanddishes;Chipso,thefirstsoap

designedforwashingmachines;Dreft,thefirsthouseholdsyntheticdetergent—andthe

firstallvegetableshorteningthatchangedthewayAmericacooked,Crisco.In1945,

P&Ghadbecomeanearly$350millioncompany.Itsproductswerepopularthroughout

theUnitedStalesandCanada—andtheCompanyhadtakenitsfirststeptoward

developinganoverseasbusiness,withtheacquisitionofThomasHedley&Co.,Ltd.,in

England.In1946,P&GintroducedTide,itsmostimportantnewproductsinceIvory.

Tidewasremarkablysuperiortootherproductsonthemarket,anditquicklybecamean

enormoussuccess—sosuccessful,infact,thatithelpedfundtheCompany'srapid

growthnotjustintonewproductlinesbutalsointonewmarketsaroundtheworld.

Today,Procter&Gambleisatrulyglobalcorporation.Since1980,thecompanyhas

quadrupledthenumberofconsumersitcanservewithitsbrands—aboutfivebillion

peoplearoundtheworld.P&Gnowhasoperationsinmorethan80countriesandits

productsaresoldinover140countries,makingP&Goneofthebiggestandmost

successfulconsumergoodscompaniesintheworld.

16^TheaccomplishmentofP&Gth