《数字测图》课件-1.数字测图基础

数字测图DigitalMappingUnderstandofDigitalMappingModes数字测图模式认识目录CONTENTS数字测图硬件系统DigitalMappingHardwareSystem数字测图软件系统DigitalMappingSoftwareSystem数字测图作业过程WorkflowofDigitalMapping数字测图作业模式DigitalMappingWorkingMode数字测图系统的组成CompositionoftheDigitalMappingSystemDigitalmappinghardwaresystem数字测图硬件系统Digitalmappingsoftwaresystem数字测图软件系统数字测图硬件系统DigitalMappingHardwareSystemElectroniccomputers,totalstations电子计算机、全站仪GPSsatellitesignalreceivers,electronichandbooksGPS卫星信号接收机、电子手簿Plotters,aerialsurveydataacquisitiondevices绘图仪、航测数据采集设备图形数字化仪、扫描仪3Dlaserscanners三维激光扫描仪Graphicdigitizers,scanners数字测图软件系统DigitalMappingSoftwareSystem南方CASSSouthernCASS广州开思GuangzhouKaisi清华山维TsinghuaShansuiEPSEPS数字测图作业过程WorkflowofDigitalMapping01数据采集Dataacquisition0203数据处理Dataprocessing图形输出Graphicoutput（一）DataAcquisition数据采集是指采集绘制地形图所必备的定位信息、连接关系和属性信息。Whichreferstoacquiringthepositioninginformation,connectionrelationships,andattributeinformationnecessaryfordrawingatopographicmap.地形图、航空航天遥感像片、图形数据或影像数据、统计资料、野外测量数据或地理调查资料等，都可以作为数字测图的信息源。Topographicmaps,aerospaceremotesensingimages,graphicdataorimagedata,statisticaldata,fieldmeasurementdata,orgeographicalsurveydatacanallbeusedasinformationsourcesfordigitalmapping.野外采集数据通常采用GPS法（即通过RTKGPS接收机采集野外碎部点的绘图信息数据）或大地测量仪器法（即通过全站仪、测距仪、经纬仪等大地测量仪器实现碎部点野外数据采集）。FielddatacollectionusuallyadoptstheGPSmethod(i.e.,collectingthemappinginformationdataoffragmentedpointsinthefieldthroughRTKGPSreceivers)orthegeodeticinstrumentationmethod(i.e.collectingfielddataoffieldpointsthroughgeodeticinstrumentssuchastotalstation,distancemeasuringinstrument,andtheodolite).01野外数据采集FieldDataCollection（一）DataAcquisition数据采集通常采用图形数字化法（即通过数字化仪或扫描仪在已有地图上采集数据）或航测法（即通过航空摄影测量或遥感手段获取地表影像从影像上采集地形点的绘图信息数据）。Whichusuallyusesgraphicdigitizationmethod(i.e.,throughdigitizersorscannerstocollectdataonexistingmaps)oraerialsurveymethod(i.e.,throughaerialphotographymeasurementorremotesensingtoobtaingroundimagesandcollectmappinginformationdataofterrainpointsfromtheimages).02室内数据采集IndoorDataCollection（一）DataAcquisition数据采集（二）DataProcessing数据处理是指在数据采集以后到图形输出之前对图形数据的各种处理。Whichreferstothevarioustreatmentsofgraphicdataafterdataacquisitionandbeforegraphicoutput.包括建立地图符号库、数据预处理、数据转换、数据计算图形生成及文字注记、图形编辑与整饰、图形裁剪、图幅接边、图形信息的管理与应用等。Includesestablishingamapsymbollibrary,datapreprocessing,dataconversion,datacalculation,graphicgenerationandtextannotation,graphiceditingandembellishment,graphicclipping,graphicframeedge,graphicinformationmanagementandapplication,etc.通常通过计算机软件来实现，最后生成可进行绘图输出的图形文件。Usuallyrealizedthroughcomputersoftware,andfinallygeneratesgraphicfilesthatcanbeusedfordrawingoutput.（三）GraphicOutput图形输出

经过数据处理后，即可得到数字地图，也就是形成了一个图形文件，存储在磁盘上，可永久保存。可采用矢量绘图仪、栅格绘图仪、图形显示器、缩微系统等绘制或显示数字地图。Afterdataprocessing,adigitalmapcanbeobtained,whichisagraphicfilestoredonadiskandcanbepermanentlysaved.Digitalmapscanbedrawnordisplayedusingvectorplotter,rasterplotter,graphicdisplay,microfilmsystem,etc.作业模式是数字化测图内、外业作业方法、作业流程的总称。Theworkingmodereferstotheoverallconceptoftheinternalandexternalworkingmethodsandworkingprocessesofdigitalmapping.数字测图作业模式DigitalMappingWorkingMode数字测图作业模式DigitalMappingWorkingMode0102Digitalmeasurementmode(referredtoasmeasurementmode)数字测记模式（简称测记式）电子平板测绘模式（简称电子平板)）Electronictabletmappingmode(referredtoaselectronictablet)03Indoordigitalmappingmode室内数字成图模式01DigitalMeasurementMode(ReferredtoasMeasurementMode)数字测记模式（简称测记式）它是一种野外采集数据、室内成图的作业方法，测记模式外业设备轻便、操作方便，野外作业时间短。Whichisamethodoffielddatacollectionandindoormapping,themeasurementmodehaslightequipmentandconvenientoperation,andthefieldworktimeisshort.01DigitalMeasurementMode(ReferredtoasMeasurementMode)数字测记模式（简称测记式）目前最常用的是全站仪数字测记模式，在开阔的测区，RTKGPS数字测记模式也已经被广泛采用。Currently,themostcommonlyusedisthetotalstationdigitalmeasurementmode,inopenareas,RTKGPSdigitalmeasurementmodehasalsobeenwidelyadopted.但由于测记模式是“盲式”作业，对于较复杂的地形，通常要配绘草图。However,becausethemeasurementmodeis"blind"work,formorecomplexterrain,itisusuallynecessarytodrawsketches.02ElectronicTabletMappingMode(ReferredtoasElectronicTablet)电子平板测绘模式（简称电子平板）用“全站仪＋便携机（或掌上电脑）＋相应测图软件”实施的外业测图模式，这种模式下曾经又衍生出测站电子平板测图模式、镜站遥控电子平板测图模式、掌上电子平板模式。Usinga"totalstation+portablecomputer(orhandheldcomputer)+correspondingmappingsoftware".Thismodehasalsoderivedthestationelectronictabletmappingmode,mirrorstationremotecontrolelectronictabletmappingmode,andhandheldelectronictabletmode.03IndoorDigitalMappingMode室内数字成图模式地图数字化作业模式Digitalmappingoperationmode基于航测与三维激光的成图模式Mappingmodebasedonaerialsurveyandthree-dimensionallaser★地图数字化作业模式DigitalMappingOperationMode是指用数字化仪或扫描仪在测区原有纸质地形图基础上进行数据采集的模式。Itreferstoamodewheredataiscollectedusingdigitizersorscannersontheoriginalpapertopographicmapsinthesurveyarea.★基于航测与三维激光的成图模式MappingModeBasedonAerialSurveyandThree-DimensionalLaser是指依据航测获得的影像数据或三维激光所采集到的点云数据，建立三维模型后，再在室内用相关软件进行室内数字成图。Itreferstoamodewherethree-dimensionalmodelsarebuiltbasedonimagedataobtainedfromaerialsurveyorpointclouddatacollectedbythree-dimensionallasers,andthenindoordigitalmappingiscarriedoutusingrelatedsoftware.数字测图的主要过程及数字测图的作业模式以及各种模式的优缺点。Themainprocessofdigitalmappingandtheoperationmodesofdigitalmapping,aswellastheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofvariousmodes.THINKING数字测图常见的作业模式有哪些呢？Whatarethecommonoperationmodesofdigitalmapping?数字测图DigitalMappingBasicUnderstandofDigitalMappingModes全站仪基本知识认识全站仪是在电子经纬仪和电子测距技术基础上发展起来的一种智能化测量仪器，是由电子测角、电子测距、电子计算机和数据存储单元等组成的三维坐标测量系统，测量结果能自动显示，并能与外围设备交换信息的多功能仪器。Atotalstationisatypeofintelligentmeasuringinstrumentdevelopedonthebasisofelectronichorizontalandverticalmeasurementtechnology,itiscomposedofelectronicanglemeasurement,electronicdistancemeasurement,electroniccomputeranddatastorageunit,etc.,andisathree-dimensionalcoordinatemeasurementsystemthatcanautomaticallydisplaymeasurementresultsandexchangeinformationwithperipheraldevices.全站仪的基本概念BasicConceptsofTotalStation由于全站仪在一个测站上就能实现测角、测距、测高差于一体，所以称之为全站仪，与经纬仪相比，采点效率和采点精度明显提高，也因此而迅速在测绘生产单位推广使用，特别是为数字测图奠定了良好的硬件基础。Becausethetotalstationcanachieveanglemeasurement,distancemeasurement,andheightdifferencemeasurementinonestation,itiscalledatotalstation,comparedwiththetheodolite,theefficiencyandaccuracyofdatacollectionaresignificantlyimproved,whichhasquicklybeenpromotedandusedinsurveyingandmappingproductionunits,especiallyforestablishingagoodhardwarefoundationfordigitalmapping.全站仪的基本概念BasicConceptsofTotalStation全站仪的优点AdvantagesofTotalStations全站仪能够存储测量结果，并能进行大气改正、仪器误差改正和数据处理，有丰富的应用程序，如数据采集、施工放样、导线测量、偏心观测、悬高测量、对边测量、自由设站等。Totalstationscanstoremeasurementresultsandcanperformatmosphericcorrection,instrumenterrorcorrection,anddataprocessing.Theyhaverichapplications,suchasdatacollection,layout,traversemeasurement,eccentricobservation,heightmeasurement,crossmeasurement,andfreestationsetting.Automaticfocusing,laseralignment自动调焦、激光对中免棱镜测距，自动跟踪Non-prismranging,automatictrackingfunctions全站仪的主要组成部分TheMainComponentsofTotalStation光电测角系统Optical-electronicanglemeasurementsystem光电测距系统Optical-electronicdistancemeasurementsystemi双轴液体补偿装置Two-axisliquidcompensationdevice微处理器（测量计算系统）Microprocessor(measurementandcalculationsystem)

由电子经纬仪部分进行，电子经纬仪在结构和外观上与光学经纬仪类似，主要在于读数系统不同，电子测角的度盘主要有编码度盘、光栅度盘、动态度盘三种形式。因此，电子测角也就有编码测角、光栅测角、动态测角等形式。全站仪光电测角系统Optical-ElectronicAngleMeasurementSystemofTotalStationsItiscarriedoutbytheelectronictheodolitepart,andthestructureandappearanceoftheelectronictheodolitearesimilartothoseoftheopticaltheodolite.Themaindifferenceliesinthereadingsystem.Thediskforelectronicanglemeasurementaremainlythreeforms:codeplate,gratingplate,anddynamicattitudeplate.Therefore,electronicanglemeasurementhascodinganglemeasurement,gratinganglemeasurement,anddynamicanglemeasurementforms.全站仪光电测距系统Optical-ElectronicDistanceMeasurementSystemofTotalStations随着各种新颖光源（激光、红外光等）的相继出现，物理测距技术也得到了迅速的发展，并出现了以激光、红外光和其他光源为载波的光波测距仪和以微波为载波的微波测距仪，通称为电磁波测距仪。Asvariousnovellightsources(suchaslasersandinfraredlights)haveappeared,physicaldistancemeasurementtechnologyhasalsodevelopedrapidlyandtherehavealsobeenopticalwavedistancemetersthatuselasers,infraredlights,andotherlightsourcesascarriersandmicrowavedistancemetersthatusemicrowavesascarriers,whicharecommonlyreferredtoaselectromagneticwavedistancemeters.Distancemeter测距仪RangeoftheTotalStation全站仪测程测距仪一次所测得的最远距离称为测距仪的测程。Themaximumdistancethatthedistancemetercanmeasureiscalledtherangeofthedistancemeter.MeasurementAccuracyoftheDistanceMeter测距仪的测距精度

其中mD为测距中误差，a为固定误差，b为比例误差，D为被测距离的长度，ppm为数量级10-6。WheremDisthedistancemeasurementmid-accuracy,aisthefixederror,bistheproportionerror,Disthelengthofthemeasureddistance,andppmistheorderofmagnitudeof10-6.MeasurementAccuracyoftheDistanceMeter测距仪的测距精度

某台全站仪的a=3

mm，b=2

mm，若被测距离为1

km，则用该全站仪来测该段距离1测回的测距中误差为mD=±5

mm。Acertaintotalstationhasa=3mmandb=2mm,andthemeasureddistanceis1km,thenthemeasurementmid-accuracyofthedistancemeasurementforonetraversewiththetotalstationismD=±5mm.01相位法测距Phasemeasurement0203脉冲法测距Pulsemeasurement免棱镜测距Non-prismmeasurementTotalStationsofDistanceMeasurement全站仪测距通过测量连续的调制信号在待测距离上往返传播产生的相位变化来间接测定传播时间，从而求得被测距离。Bymeasuringthephasechangeofthecontinuouslymodulatedsignalthatistransmittedbackandforthonthemeasureddistance.TotalStationsofDistanceMeasurement全站仪测距PhaseMeasurement相位法测距★直接测定仪器所发射的脉冲信号往返于被测距离的传播时间，从而得到待测距离。Directlymeasuringthepropagationtimeofthepulsesignaltransmittedbackandforthbetweentheinstrumentandthemeasureddistance,thusobtainingthemeasureddistance.TotalStationsofDistanceMeasurement全站仪测距PulseMeasurement脉冲法测距★TotalStationsofDistanceMeasurement全站仪测距Non-PrismMeasurement免棱镜测距★又称为无接触测距，是指全站仪发射的光束经过自然表面反射后直接测距。在数据采集过程中，部分无法立镜的碎部点可采用此模式进行采点。Referstonon-contactmeasurement,whichisamethodofdirectlymeasuringthedistancewiththelightbeamemittedbythetotalstationafterreflectingonanaturalsurface.Intheprocessofdatacollection,somefragmentpointsthatcannotbesetupamirrorcanbecollectedwiththismode.全站仪的概念、主要功能、主要组成部分、测程等基本知识。Theconcept,mainfunctions,maincomponents,andbasicknowledgesuchasmeasurementrangeoftotalstations.THINKING全站仪主要由哪几部分构成？Whatarethemaincomponentsoftotalstations?数字测图DigitalMappingGNSSRTKUnderstandingGNSSRTK认识是集计算机技术、数字通讯技术、无线电技术和GPS测量定位技术为一体的一种运用载波相位差分技术进行实时定位的GPS测量系统。Itisanintegratedsystemthatcombinescomputertechnology,digitalcommunicationtechnology,radiotechnology,andGPSmeasurementandpositioningtechnology.ItisaGPSmeasurementsystemthatusescarrierphasedifferentialtechnologyforreal-timepositioning.GNSSRTK测量系统GNSSRTKMeasurementSystemGNSSRTK测量系统GNSSRTKMeasurementSystem0102GPSreceiverGPS

接收设备数据传输设备Atatransmissiondevice03Software软件系统数据传输系统由基准站的发射电台与流动站的接收电台组成，它是实现实时动态测量的关键设备。AtaTransmissionDevice数据传输设备Thedatatransmissionsystemconsistsofatransmittingstation'sradiostationandamobilestation'sreceivingstation,itisakeydeviceforachievingreal-timedynamicmeasurement.AdvantagesofRTKMeasurementTechnologyRTK测量技术的优点除具有GPS测量的优点外，同时具有观测时间短，能实现坐标实时解算的优点，因此可以提高生产效率。HastheadvantagesofGPSmeasurementinadditiontoshortobservationtimeandtheabilitytoachievereal-timecoordinatesolution,whichcanimproveproductionefficiency.实时动态定位如采用快速静态测量模式，在15

km范围内，其定位精度可达1～2

cm，可用于城市的控制测量。Real-timedynamicpositioning,suchasusingarapidstaticmeasurementmode,canachieveapositioningaccuracyof1-2cmwithinarangeof15kmandcanbeusedforurbancontrolmeasurement.GNSSRTK的基本原理GNSSRTKBasicPrinciplesGPS静态测量的方法是各个接收机独立观测，然后用后处理软件进行差分解算。Eachreceivertoindependentlyobserveandthenusepost-processingsoftwaretoperformdifferentialcalculations.

两台接收机（一台基准站，一台流动站）都在观测卫星数据，同时，基准站通过其发射电台把所接收的载波相位信号（或载波相位差分改正信号）发射出去；那么，流动站在接收卫星信号的同时也通过其接收电台接收基准站的电台信号；在这两个信号的基础上，流动站上的固化软件就可以实现差分计算，从而精确地定出基准站与流动站的空间相对位置关系。GNSSRTK的基本原理GNSSRTKBasicPrinciplesBothreceivers(onereferencestationandonemobilestation)areobservingsatellitedata,andatthesametime,thereferencestationtransmitsthereceivedcarrierphasesignal(orcarrierphasedifferentialcorrectionsignal)throughitstransmittingstation;So,mobilestationsnotonlyreceivesatellitesignalsbutalsoreceiveradiosignalsfromreferencestationsthroughtheirreceivingstations;Onthebasisofthesetwosignals,thesolidificationsoftwareonthemobilestationcanachievedifferentialcalculation,therebyaccuratelydeterminingthespatialrelativepositionrelationshipbetweenthereferencestationandthemobilestation.GNSSRTK的基本原理GNSSRTKBasicPrinciples在这一过程中，由于观测条件、信号源等的影响会有误差，即为仪器标定误差，一般为平面1cm+1ppm，高程2cm+1ppm。Inthisprocess,theremaybeerrorsduetotheinfluenceofobservationconditions,signalsources,etc.,whichareinstrumentcalibrationerrors,generally1cm+1ppmintheplaneand2cm+1ppmintheelevation.近几年来，一些大城市开始建立网络RTKGPS系统，这种系统被称为连续运行参考站（ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStations，CORS）。Inrecentyears,somelargecitieshavebeguntoestablishnetworkRTKGPSsystems,whicharecalledcontinuouslyoperatingreferencestations(ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStations,CORS).连续运行参考站CORS系统ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStationsCORSSystem连续运行参考站CORS系统ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStationsCORSSystem一个或若干个连续运行的基准站Oneormorecontinuouslyoperatingbasestations数据处理中心Dataprocessingcenters数据发布中心Datapublishingcenters用户流动站UsermobilestationsSinglebasestation单基站多基站网络CORSMulti-basestationnetworkCORS连续运行参考站CORS系统ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStationsCORSSystem连续运行参考站CORS系统ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStationsCORSSystemCORS采用虚拟参考站法，是在一个市区（较大的区域）均匀地布设多个连续运行的参考站，根据各参考站长期跟踪的观测结果，反演出区域内GPS定位的一些主要误差模型，如电离层、对流层、卫星轨道等误差模型。CORSusesthevirtualreferencestationmethod,itistouniformlydeploymultiplecontinuouslyoperatingreferencestationsinacity(largerarea)basedonlong-termtrackingobservationsofeachreferencestation.ThemainerrormodelsofGPSpositioninginthearea,suchasionosphere,troposphere,satelliteorbit,etc.,canbeinferredfromtheobservationresultsofeachreferencestation.★基本工作原理Basicworkingprinciple连续运行参考站CORS系统ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStationsCORSSystem系统运行时，将这些误差从参考站的观测值中减去，形成所谓的“无误差”观测值，再利用无误差观测值与用户流动站观测值的有效组合，在流动站附近（几米到几十米）建立起一个虚拟参考站。将流动站和虚拟参考站进行载波相位差分改正，就实现了RTK定位。Whenthesystemisrunning,theseerrorsaresubtractedfromtheobservationvaluesofthereferencestations,formingso-called"zero-error"observationvalues.Then,byeffectivelycombiningthezero-errorobservationvalueswiththeobserv