第13讲-阅读理解主旨大意题(讲)教案

第13讲阅读理解主旨大意题（讲）

【考纲考情】

主旨大意题考查考生对■文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的

主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象，既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。

题型和考查角度：

i.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题（概括文章或段落的主旨大意）

2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。

【考点梳理】

主旨大意类要求在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息进行概括归纳，从而得出文章主旨要义。

此类试题没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解，因此成为最易失分的题目。

命题方式：

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforihetext?

What'sthefirst/second/third....paragraphmainlyabout?

What'sthemainideadiscussedinthefirst/secondthird/..paragraph?

解题步骤：

1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意。

2.如果没有主题句就寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文

正确选项特点：

1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或者整个段落内容。

2.精确性强，能恰当表达原文主题和中心思想

3.短小醒目，这是标题类选项的特点，是文章的点睛之笔。

干扰项特点：

1.覆盖面太大，超出了短文论述的范围

2.以偏概全，涉及的只是短文的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分v

3.与短文有交集，但偏离文章或者段落主旨。

【解题方法】

1.寻找主题句确定文章大意。

主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种情况：

（I）主题句在段首

一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式，作

者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句。

(2)主题句在段末

有的主题句放在文章的末尾，先摆出事实依据,层层推埋论证，将主题引向高潮，起到总结作用，从而形成强有力

的结论，这就要求考生耐心地读完全文。

⑶主题句在文中或隐含

还有的主题句在段中间或隐含在文中,成为段落语义的核心，让读者很难发现，这种情况难度较大，考生要通观

全文，分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理.。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落，切忌以偏概全或离

题太远、太笼统。解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等，分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章开

头的主题句或文章最后的结论，捕捉与题目有关的信息，从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。

【例】(2020•全国卷IIIC篇)Withtheyoungunable(oaffordtcleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤

独),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.

Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,fbrNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law,shelivesonthe

groundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.

Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol—oneofagrowingnumberof

nwltigenerationalfamiliesin(heUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashing

machine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.

“Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse,“saysKatlirynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:"Wespokemore

withNickbecauseIthinkit'sabigthingfbrNicktolivewithhismother-in-law/'

AndwhatdocsNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.Would1recommendit?Yes,

IthinkIwould.”

It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeen

risingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogether

hadrisenfrom325,000in2001to419»000in2013.

Othervarietiesofmultigeneralionalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparents;

manymoreadultchildrenarcreturningtothefamilyhome,if:hcyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of

25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.Thetotalnumberofallmultigenerational

householdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.

Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.

InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband'sfamilywhen(hey

getmarried.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.

B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.

C.AhousingprobleminBritain.

D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.

【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又

面临着孤独的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。由此可知，文章主要讲述了聚居在英国是一种呈上升

趋势的生活方式。故选D。

2.通过结构或暗示概括段落大意

（1）根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺

序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题

句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。

（2）通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主

题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。

【例】（2020•全国卷HLB篇）Thecreativeteambehind"Apes"usedmotion-capture（动作捕捉）technologyto

createdigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnologythatrecordsanactor'sperformance

andlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage（图像）.Inthiscase,oneofarealistic-looking

ape.

25.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?

A.Thecostofmaking“Apes.”

B.Thecreationofdigitalizedapes.

C.Thepublicityabout^Apcs?

D.Theperformanceofrealapes.

【答案】B

【解析】段落大意题。根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术及创造数字化

动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像。由此可知，本段主

要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B。

3.三大方法定标题

（1）最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：

①概括-准确而又简短；

②针对性-标题外延正好与文章内容相符；

③翅目--能引发读者的阅读欲望。

（2）三大方法：

①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础匕揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；

②反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；

③研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。

【例】（2021•全国乙卷C篇）You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7million

tonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?Artist

BenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcing

viewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.

Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalleduStrawpocalypse,"apairof10-fbot-tallplastic

waves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,(XX)plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,the

sculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.

Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarcbynomeansthebiggestsource(来源)ofplastic

pollution,butthey'verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon'tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseof

(heirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat'spartofVonWong'sartworklikelycame

fromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiesto

disappear.

Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(说明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,a

truckload'sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled"TruckloadofPlastic,“VonWongandagroup

ofvolunteerscollectedmorethan1(),000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey'dbeen

dumped(倾倒)fromatruckallatonce.

VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.

31.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Artists'OpinionsonPlasticSafely

B.MediaInterestinContemporaryArt

C.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompanies

D.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures

【答案】D

【解析】标题判断题。通读全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家BenjaminVonWong(本杰明.冯•王)用塑料垃圾

制作巨型雕塑以期望唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此D项(海洋塑料变雕塑)适合作文章标题。故选

Do

不同文体主旨题解题指导：

⑴议论文或说明文

议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾，也有的首尾呼应。

(2)新闻报道

新闻报道的主题句就是导语，即文章的首句或首段。正文采取倒佥字塔形式--最重要事实，次要事实，最次要事

实

(3)科研报告或调查报告

反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，其内容主要包括“科研实验结果或调查结果+实验研究过

程或调查的具体情况”两大部分，文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段，且常伴有according

toastudy,astudyshowed/proved,thisissuggestedbytheresultsofnewresearchon,scientistsrecentlyreported,a

studyclaimed等。

(4)记叙文

纯记叙文通常没有主题句.需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼:但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表

议论，主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历，主旨就在文首。

【题型剖析】

A

Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate（有同情心的）loveandempathy（认同感）fromtheir

mothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,

Davis'studysuggests.

Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens（代金券）they

hadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresent—iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhen

giventheopportunitytoshareandhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudy

initiallyincluded74preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin

54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhen（hechildrenwere6.

“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswhoexpressedstronger

compassionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,''saidPaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorof

psychology.''Compassionatemotherslikelydevelopemotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealso

providinganearlyexampleofsatisfyingtheneedsofothers,researcherssaidinthestudy,publishedinNovember

inFrontiersinPsychology^^EmotionScience.

Ineachlabexercise,afterattachingamonitortorecordchildren'sheart-rateactivity,theexaminertoldthe

childrentheywouldbeearningtokensforavarietyofactivities,andthatthetokenscouldbeturnedinforaprize.

Thetokenswereputintoabox,andeachchildeventuallyearned20prizetokens.Thenbeforethesessionended,

childrenweretoldtheycoulddonateallorpartoftheirtokenstootherchildren.

Takentogether,thefindingsshowedthatchildren'sgenerosityissupportedbythecombinationoftheir

socializationexperiences—theirmothers'compassionatelove-andtheirphysiologicalregulation,andthatthese

worklike“internalandexternalsupportsfbrtheabilitytoactprosociallythatbuildoneachother”.

Inadditiontoobservingthechildren'spropensity（习,性）todonatetheirgameearnings,Hastingssuggested

that“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforce（力口强）thegenerousbehaviorthatproducedihatgood

feeling.”

1.Howdoyoungchildrenlovedbvtheirmothertendtobecomeinlateryears?

A.Considerate.B.Emotional.

C.Generous.D.Optimistic.

2.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theprocessofiheresearch.B.Theresultof(heexperiment.

C.Thereactionsofthechildren.D.TheimportanceofMom'slove.

3.AccordingtoHastings,whatfactorcouldstrengthenchildren'sgoodbehaviors?

A.Theirmomslovethemdeeply.B.Theydonatethetokenseasily.

C.Theybehavephysiologically.D.Theyarecalmeraftersharing.

4.Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthispassage?

A.WhatContributestoGenerosity?

B.TheMoreYouGive,（heCalmerYouWillBe

C.DoYouPrefertoReceiveorGive?

D.MoreGiving.LessReceiving

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。介绍在小时候从母亲那里学到的恻隐之心和认同之情的孩子比同龄人更

慷慨。

1.C【解析】细节理解题。由第一段“Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate（有同情心的）loveand

empaihy（认同感）fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,

aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis'studysuggests.”（加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究表明，那些经历过母亲慈

悲之爱和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通过慷慨对待他人，将想法转化为行动。）可知，早期受到母亲关爱

的孩子后期往往变得更加慷慨。选项C与文意相符，故选C。

2.A【解析】主旨大意题。通读第二段内容可知，该段介绍了对74名学龄前儿童进行的试验。首先在实验

室针对两种情况对他们进行模仿测试，两年后又对这些母子的行为和反应进行分析。说明本段介绍的是研

究的过程。选项A与文意相符，故选A。

3.D【解析】细节理解题。由最后一段中的"Hastingssuggestedthat“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcould

reinforcethegenerousbehaviorthatproducedthatgoodfeeling."（Hastings认为，“分享后处于更平静的状态可

以加强产生那种良好感觉的慷慨行为“）可知，分享后更平静的状态可以加强慷慨行为，选项D与文意相符,

故选Do

4.A【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段"Youngchildrenwhohaveexperienced…generousto

others,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis'studysuggests/'（加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究表明，那些经历过

母亲慈悲之爱和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通过慷慨对待他人，将想法转化为行动。）可知，文章介绍的

是小时候从母亲那里学到的恻隐之心和认同之情的孩子比同龄人更慷慨。选项A与文意相符，故选A。

Regardlessofhowfamoustheyare,anddespitethestartreatmenttheyreceive,manycelebritiesmakeita

pointtogivebacktocharities.Somehaveevensetuptheirownprivatefoundations.Theirwidelypublicisedvisits

totroubledareasoftheworldhelptoraiseawarenessofissuessuchasfamineandpoverty.AccordingtoJane

CooperofUniccfUK,celebritieshaveauniqueabilitytoreachhugenumbersofpeople,manyofwhommightnot

otherwisebeengagedincharitablecauses.Shepointedoutthatfamousfaceshadplayedasignificantroleinraising

fundsinrecentyears,andtheirenergieshadproducedtangibleresults,suchasenablingmillionsofchildrenin

poorercountriestoattendschool.

Butinspiceofthesesuccessesthereisevidencetosuggestthatcelebrityendorsement（代言）maybeoverrated.

Inasurveyofmembersofthepublictofindoutifcelebrityinvolvementwouldencouragepeopletodonate,

researchersfoundthattheimpactwasnotasgreataspreviouslythought.Whenshownalistofwell-known

organisationsandfamouspeoplewhorepresentthem,overhalfofrespondentswereunabletomatchthecelebrity

withthecause.What'smore,threequartersclaimedthattheydidn'trespondtocelebrityendorsementinanyway.

Thesurveyalsoshowedthatafewnamesdidstandoutasbeingassociatedwithparticularcharities.Buiihe

presenceofacelebrityinacampaign,wasnotasignificantfactorwhenitcametoadecisiontodonatetimeor

money.Instead,themajorityofpeoplecontributebecauseofpersonalconnectionsintheirlivesandfamilieswhich

makeacharityimportanttothem.

Inanotherstudyaimedatyoungpeople,mostparticipantscitedacompelling（无法抗拒的）missionastheir

mainmotivationtogive.Thesecondmostimportantincentivewasifafriendorpeerrecommendedsupportinga

particularcause.Onlytwopercentofrespondentssaidtheyweremotivatedbycelebrityendorsement.Thisseems

tocontradictthegeneralassumptionthatteenagersareparticularlyinfluencedbyfamouspeople.Onepossible

explanationisthatthereisageneralfatigue（疲倦）withcelebrityculture.Thereisalsoasuspicionthatthestarsare

theonewhobenefitmostwhentheyoffertodocharitywork.Somecriticshaveaccusedthatcelebritiesmight

actuallytakeattentionawayfromissuesbyattractingmoreattention（hanthecausestheyrepresent.

Sotakingalltheseissuesintoaccount,isittimeforcharitiestorethinktheircampaignstrategiesandlookfor

alternativewaystoreachnewaudiences?Whicheverpointofviewyoufavour,thereseetnstobeopportunitiesfor

moreresearchintohowcharitycampaignsmightdeveloprelationshipswithcelebritiestomaximisetheirpotential.

Thisinturnwillopenupmoreengagement,andbettertargetedcampaigns-whichcanonlybenefitthosewhoreally

matter—thepeopleandanimalsthatareinneedofassistance.

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordtangible"inparagraphIprobablymean?

A.Definite.B.Complicated.C.Limited.D.Temporary.

6.According（othepassage,mostpeoplecontributetocharitiesbecause.

A.theygainbenefitfromthecharities

B.theyareforcedtofinishanecessarytask

C.theybelieveinthefamouspeopletheylike

D.theyareinspiredbythepeoplearoundthem

7.Thethirdparagraphismainlyabout.

A.whatcelebritiesachieveindoingcharities

B.Howyoungpeoplereacttocelebrityculture

C.whyyoungpeoplearehardlyinfluencedbycelebrities

D.whoistoblamefortakingattentionawayfromcharities

8.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardscelebritydoingcharities?

A.Objective.B.Positive.

C.Negative.D.Unclear.

【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要分析了名人做慈善的利与弊。

5.A【解析】词句猜测题。第一段划线词所在句“Shepointedoutthatfamousfaceshadplayedasignificantrole

inraisingfundsinrecentyears,andtheirenergieshadproducedtangibleresults,suchasenablingmillionsof

childreninpoorercountriestoaltendschool.（她指出，名人近年来在筹集资金方面发挥了重要作用，他们的精

力产生了切实的成果，比如让贫困国家的数百万儿童上学）''中的"suchasenablingmillionsofchildreninpoorer

countriestoattendschool”部分表明，名人们在慈善方面的努力取得了实在的成果，所以可以推测tangible意.

为“切实的，实在的"。A.Definite.确切的;B.Complicated.复杂的;C.Limited.有限的;D.Temporary.暂时的。

所以A选项和划线词词义最接近，B、C、D都不符合。故选A项。

6.D［解析］细节理解题。根据第二段“Instead,themajorityofpeoplecontributebecauseofpersonalconnections

intheirlivesandfamilieswhichmakeacharityimportant（othem.（相反，大多数人捐款是因为他们生活和家庭

中的私人关系，这使得慈善对他们很重要）”可知，大多数人向慈善机构捐款是因为他们受到周围人的鼓舞。

故选D项。

7.C［解析］主旨大意题。根据第三段“Onlytwopercentofrespondentssaidtheyweremotivatedbycelebrity

endorsemenl.Thisseemstocontradictthegeneralassumptionthatteenagersareparticularlyinfluencedbyfamous

people.（只有2%的受访者说他们受到名人代言的激励。这似乎与一般的假设相矛盾，即青少年特别容易受到

名人的影响）”可知，与一般的假设相反的是，青年人几乎不会受到名人的影响，余下内容“Onepossible

explanationisthat...Thereisalsoasuspicionthat...Somecriticshaveaccusedthat…”则主要讲述了原因，所以第

三段主要讲述青少年几乎不受名人影响的原因。故选C项。

8.A【解析】推理判断题。文章前面主要讲述了名人做慈善带来的切实的成果以及被夸大的现象，最后一

段“Sotakingalltheseissuesintoaccount,isittimefbrcharitiestorethinktheircampaignstrategiesandlookfbr

alternativewaystoreachnewaudiences?...Thisinturnwillopenupmoreengagement,andbettertargeted

campaigns-whichcanonlybenefitthosewhoreallymatter—thepecpleandanimalsthatareinneedof

assistance.（因此，考虑到所有这些问题，慈善机构是否应该重新考虑他们的竞选策略，寻找其他途径来接触

新的受众？……这反过来又会促进更多的参与和更有针对性的运动一这只会让真正重要的人受益一那

叫需要援助的人和动物）”提出慈善机构应该多方考虑，最终FI的是使得真正需要的人或动物受益。所以作者

是以客观的态度来分析名人做慈善这件事。A.Objeclive.客观的：B.Positive.积极的；C.Negative.消极的；

D.Unclear.不清楚的。故选A项。

C

Theconductoronthepodium（指挥台）hasnobaton（指挥棒）,notailcoatandnomusicalscore,butAndroid

Alter3iskickingupastormasitguidesasymphonyorchestra'splayersthroughtheirpaces.

Therobothasahumanoidface,handsandlowerarms,whichgesturewithwhatcouldpassforpassionasit

bouncesupanddownandrotatesduringtheliveperformanceofKeiichiroShibuya'soperaScaryBeautyinthe

EmirateofSharjah.

VideofromtherecentperformanceintheEmirateofSharjahshowedthemachineturningtofaceorchestra

membersandwavingitsarms.Alter3evensangattimes.

Shibuyasaidtheinvolvementofrobotsintheeverydaylivesofhumansiscontinuallyincreasing.But,hesaid

hethinkspeoplewillneedtodecideinthefuturehowartificialintelligencecanbestimprovethehumanexperience.

Shibuyaaddedthathebelieveshumansandrobotscanlearnloworktogethertocreatebeautifulart."This

workisametaphorofthatrelationsbetweenhumansandtechnology,"hesaid.Shibuyanotedthatsometimesthe

music-leadingrobotcan"getcrazy",makingitdifficultforthemusicianstokeepup.Butothertimes,thehumans

andmachinescooperateverywell.

ShibuyasaidtherobotsandAIthatexisttodayarc"farfromcomplete".Heisinterestedinstudyinghowsuch

incompletetechnologycanbecombinedwithart.

"Ithinkthisisaveryexcitingidea...Wecametoseewhatitlookslikeandhowmuchispossible."saidAnna

Kovacevic.Anotheraudiencemember,whogavehisnameonlyasBillum,saidaftertheshow,"Youknow,ahuman

conductorissomuchbetter."AlthoughhesaidheisinterestedinAIandlooksforwardtobigdevelopments,he

coiKludedontheproject:"Thehumantouch