并列句和复合句

1、并列句和复合句一、并列句用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句（一）并列句的构成其结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。（二）常用的并列连词1 .常见的用于连接两个简单句的并列连词有：and, but, or , so, for词意用法and和，并且表示顺延或并列，如果两个分句都是肯定语气，用 and连接。or否则，或者表示选择，如果两个分句的语气为一个肯定，一个否定，则应 用or连接。but但是表示转折，but与though/although不能同时用在一个句子中。so所以表小结果，由so连接的并列句口转换成because引导的主从复 合句，两者不能同时用在一个句子中表示“因为所

2、以”。for因为表示原因，是对另一个分句的补充说明，但不能放在句子的开头。2,其他的并列连词有：then , while , when, not onlybutalso,neither。nor, eitheror, as well as 等。二、复合旬复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句和从句都具 有完整的主谓结构，主句是全句的主体，从句是主句中的一部分，不能独立存在。根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为：宾语从句、定语从句、状语从 句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在这里重点讲解宾语从句、状语从句和 定语从句。（一）宾语从句1.宜语从句的引导词引导词用法例句that本

3、身兀后、义（口语中可省去）当宾语从句是陈述句时I really believe(that)Tom will help us.我确实相信汤姆会帮助我们。if / whether. . (or not)是否当宾语从句是一般疑问旬时I m not sure if_ I ll ha ve time. 我不StWTEffc是否会有时问。what, who, where, how, when, why, which, whose, whom当宾语从句是特殊疑问旬时Please tell me when you were born . 请告#ft你是 何时出生的。I ' d like to know

4、what you want best .我 想知道你最想要什么东西。注意:whether 和if引导宾语从句时，一般情况下可以互换，但在下列情况下须 用whether,不能用if 。具有选择意义，宾语从句中有 or或or not时。例如：Eg : We really don ' t know whether news is true or not.我们真的不知道这消息是否是真的。在介词后接宾语从句或不定式时。例如：Eg : Weare talking about whether we ll go back to our hometown 我们正在讨论是否回老家去。 作discuss等词

5、的宾语时。例如：Eg: We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论了是否应该把商店关掉。2 .宾语从句的语序宾语从句无论是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句意义，一律用陈述句语序， 即“主语+谓语”结构。句尾标点符号取决于主句。例如：Are you a student He asksHe asks if you are a student他问你是否是学生Where does he work Do you know -Do you know where he works你知道他在哪工作吗3 .宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态一

6、致。具体情况如下表:主句时态从句时态例句一般现在根据实际情I hear that he went to Beihai yesterday.我听说他昨天时况而定去北海了。一般过去过去的某种He said his father would take him to Shanghai.他说他爸时时态爸将带他去上海。一般过去时或其他时态客观事实或真理只用一般现在时表不My father told me that the sunrises in the east诉我太阳从东方升也.爸爸告（二）状语从句1.时间状语从句时态：当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句或含有将来的意义时，由 when, as soon as

7、 , till /until , before引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。例如：Eg: As soon as he returns home , I ' ll let you know .他一回到家，我就告诉你。引导词： 由 when, while , as, since , after , before , until /till, assoon as 等连词弓I导。a)when, while 与 aswhenwhileas不同点主、从句的动作可 以是同时发生，也 可以是先后发生强调在某一时间内主、 从句中谓语动词所表 小的动作在同一时向 里发生强调主、从句的从句中的谓语动 词既

8、可以是瞬间 动词也可以是延 续性动词从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词动作同时发生相同点意思均为“当时”例如:Father was waiting for me when I got home yesterday昨天我到家时，爸爸正在等我。While we were having a meeting , my sister came in to ask for me正当我们开会时，我妹妹进来找我。She sang happily as _she walked along the lake .她一边沿着湖边走，一边欢快地唱着歌。b)till 与 untiluntiltill共同点意思为“直到才”，均可

9、用于“ .until/till.”句型主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句和从句都用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句须用否定结构不同点可用在句型 “notuntil ” 中/、可用在句型“ not till ”正式用语，可放在旬首非正式用语，/、口放在旬首例如：I didn ' t go to bed until /till he came back at ll o ' clock last night .直到他昨晚11点回来我才睡觉。Please Wait here until I come back .请在这等，直到我回来。c）since引导的从句，表示“自以来”

10、，从句中的谓语动词表示动作的起点，要用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词表示延续性动作，通常情况下使用现在完成时。在句型“It is /hasbeensince+ 从句”中，从句用一般过去时，主 句用一般现在时或现在完成时。例如：It is ten years since she joined the army.她参军已有十年了。2.条件状语从句条件状语从句由if（如果），as long as（只要），unless（除非）等弓I导。 如果主句为祈使句、一般将来时或含有情态动词时，从句用一般现在时。例如：If it_SNOWS tomorrow , we will have a day or two o

11、ff 如果明天下雪的话，我们将放假一两天。Wewon' t go to his party unless he invites us如果他不邀请我们的话，我们就不去参加他的晚会。if的用法if可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句。其用法如下:宾语从句条件状语从句引导词if意思是否如果作用作主句的宾语作主句的状语主句一般现在时或一般将来时一般将来时时从句根据从句实际情况而定从句用一般现在时代替将来态例句I ' m not sure if_ she will come我不能确定她是否会来。I will tell you if she comes.如果她来了,我会告诉你。3 .结

12、果状语从句结果状语从句由 so, sothat,suchthat,so that 等引导。sothat与suchthat区别sothatso+形容词/副词+that从句so+much/ little+/、可数名词 +thatso+many/ few+可数名词复数+thatso+形容词+a/ an+单数可数名词+thatsuch. that .such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+thatsuch+形容词+/、可数名词/可数名词复数+that例如：It is so cold outside that nobody will go out to play外面很冷，以至没有人愿意出去玩。He h

13、as so_many books that I don ' t know which one I should borrow他有这么多书，我不知道该借哪一本。He is such_a_good man that we all like himHe is so good a mall that we all like him.他是一个大好人，我们都喜欢他。4 .原因状语从句原因状语从何由 because, as, since 等弓I导。如果是直接原因，通常用 because引导；如果原因是人们已知的事实，用 since引导；如果原因和理由是不言而喻、为人所知的、显而易见的，用 as引 导

14、。由since , as引导的原因状语从句，一般位于主句之前。例如：Jim didn ' t go to school yesterday because he was 川吉姆昨天没去上学，因为他病了。Since we are middle school students , we should listen to our teachers .既然我们是中学生，我们就应该听老师的话。5 .目的状语从句目的状语从句由so that , so, in order that 等引导。从句中常用 can, could , may might等情态动词。例如：My father gets up

15、early every day so that he can catch the first bus.爸爸每天都起得很早，以便能赶上头班车。6 .让步状语从句让步状语从句由although , though等引导。意思为“虽然（尽管）但是”，要注意不能与but用在同一个句子中。例如：Although the doctor was tired , he went on working .尽管这个医生很累了，但他还继续工作。7 .比较状语从句比较状语从句由than , as.as , not so.as 等引导。例如：He is as tall as his father他和他爸爸一样高。8 .地

16、点状语从句地点状语从句由where, wherever等引导。例如：Where there is a will , there is a way . 有志者事竟成。（三）定语从句1 .概论定语从句在复合句里起定语作用，修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句修 饰的词称为先行词。基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有 who, whom whose, which, that , when, where, why等。2 .关系词的基本用法先行词关系词例句人who, whomthatThis is the manwho/that took the photo . 这 就是拍这张照片

17、的人。物matt, whichThe train that /which has just left is forBeijing ,刚刚离开的那列火车是开往北京的。时间whenWe ll never forget the days when we workedtogether我们永远都不会忘记在,起工作的时光。地点whereThis is the place where mygrandparents lived这就是我祖父母居住过的地方。语法专练:单项选择） 1. I don't know he will cometomorrow. he comes,I'll tell you

18、 A. if; WhetherB. whether; WhetherC. if; ThatD. if; If（） 2. I don't know the day after tomorrow.A. when does he comeB. how will he comeC. if he comesD. whether he'll come（） 3. Could you tell me the nearest hospital isA. whatB. howC. whetherD. where） 4. Could you tell me the radio without any

19、 helpA. how did he mendB. what did he mendC. how he mendedD. what he mended（） 5. I want to know .A. whom is she looking afterB. whom she is lookingC. whomis she lookingD. whomshe is looking after） 6. Do you know where nowA. he livesB. does he liveC. he livedD. did he live） 7. Do you know what time ？

20、A. the train leaveB. does the train leaveC. will the train leaveD. the train leaves（） 8. I don't know . Can you tell me, pleaseA. how the two players are oldB. how old are the two playersC. the two players are how oldD. how old the two players areE. ） 9. The small children don't know .A. what is their stockings inB. what is in their stockingsC. where is their stockings inD. what in their stockings（） can't understand A. what does Christmas me