江苏省高考英语试卷 2009-2020年A3
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江苏省高考英语试卷
2009-2020年A3
江苏省
高考
英语
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2009
2020
A3
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江苏省高考英语试卷 2009-2020年A3,江苏省高考英语试卷,2009-2020年A3,江苏省,高考,英语,试卷,2009,2020,A3
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2019年江苏省高考英语试卷考点卡片1短对话理解【解题指导】由于对话是一个相互联系的整体,听前我们要浏览选项,了解一定的信息,并预测话题及内容在听的时候我们要注意对话中的人物,包括男女、时间,地点,尤其是多个易混的地点及相应的信息,语音语调,上下文之间的联系等同时还要排除干扰,适当的作一些记录,以增强记忆弄清对话原大意,看清问题即可选出正确答案2长对话理解【解题指导】由于对话是一个相互联系的整体,听前我们要浏览选项,了解一定的信息,并预测话题及内容在听的时候我们要注意对话中的人物,包括男女、时间,地点,尤其是多个易混的地点及相应的信息,语音语调,上下文之间的联系等同时还要排除干扰,适当的作一些记录,以增强记忆弄清对话原大意,看清问题即可选出正确答案3形容词词意辨析在英语中某些词有两种或两种以上的形容词形式,它们词形相近,但词义不同,容易用错1)historic: famous in history, 历史上著名的 associated with past times 与过去时代有关的a event/speech/spothistorical: belong to history 历史上的a people/novel/play/film/painting trend2)electric: worked by, changed with, producing electricity 用电的,带电的, 有电的 current/cableelectrical: relating to electricity, an idea of a less close connection with electricity engineering/apparatus3)economic: of economics policy/geography/crisis/cropseconomical: careful in the spending of money and time, not waste 经济的,节俭的an housewife/store4)industrial: of industries 工业的the revolution/products/systemindustrious: hardworking, diligent people5)considerable: great much 相当多(大)的a income/distanceconsiderate: thoughtful 体谅的, 体贴的 周到的She is to others6)sensible: reasonable, having good sense 实用的, 明知的a woman/idea/ 豁达的妇女/明知的观点 clothes 实用的衣服sensitive: quick to receive impression 敏感的a skin paper 感光纸7)continual: going on all the time without stopping or with only short breaks, stop and go repeatedly, 连续的,断断续续的 rain/noisecontinuous: going on without a break, an uninterrupted flow 连续不断的 fight/work8)intense: high in degree 强烈的, 剧烈的,高度的 heat炽热/painan lady 热情的女子intensive: deep and thorough 精深的, 集中的 reading/study彻底研究/agriculture密集农业9)respectable: deserving respect, 值得尊敬的,有名望的a man/professionrespectful: showing respect 尊敬人的,有礼貌的,He is always to the eldersrespective: belongs to each of these 分别的,各自的They sat on their chairs10)imaginable: that can be imagined 可象想的 difficultiesimaginary: existing only in the mind, unreal 想象中的, 不真实的 figureimaginative: of, having, using imagination 有想象力的, 运用想象力的a writer11)intelligent: having, showing intelligence, clever 有才智的, 聪明的an looking girl answerintelligible: clear to mind, that can be easily understood 易了解的, 易领悟的an speech/explanationintellectual: possessing a great deal of knowledge 知识的, 智力的12)contemptible: deserving contempt 可卑的a liecontemptuous: showing contempt 表示轻视的a look13)credible: that can be believed 可信的, 可靠的a witnesscredulous: too ready to believe things 轻易相信的, 易上当的He always cheats peoplecreditable: that brings credit 可称赞的a record/deed/effort14)alternate: changing by turns 轮流的, 交替的alternative: giving a choice between two things 选择的, 两者选一的15)comparable 可比较的, 有类似之处的comparative 比较而言的, 相当的There is no scenery comparable to that of the West lakeHe lived in comparative comfort recently16)politic 精明的political 政治的17)beneficial 有益的beneficent 多多行善的18)official 官方的officious 多管闲事的19)potent 强有力的potential 潜在的, 可能的20)confident 有信心的, 自信的confidential 机密的21)negligent 忽视的, 粗心大意的negligible 可忽视的22)momentary 瞬时的, 短时的momentous 重大的23)memorable 值得记忆的, 不能忘却的memorial 纪念的24)social 社会的sociable 善社交的25)childish 幼稚的childlike 孩子般的26)distinct: clear 明显的, 清晰的distinctive: characteristic 独特的, 有区别的27)classic 一流的classical 古典的28)comprehensible 可理解的comprehensive 全面的, 综合的29)disinterested 公平的uninterested 冷淡的30)earthly 人间的, 尘世的earthy 泥土似的31)effective 有效的efficient 有效率的effectual 奏效的32)exceptionable 反对的exceptional 非凡的33)fatal 致命的fateful 决定性的34)fleshly 肉体的fleshy 肥胖的35)homely 家常的homelike 象家的36)im(un)practical 不切合实际的impracticable 无法使用的37)ingenious 有独创性的ingenuous 直率的, 天真的38)manly 男人气派的male 男的masculine 男性的39)movable 可移动的, 变动的mobile 可动的,活动地40)mysterious 神秘的mystical 奥妙的41)notable 著名的(指事)noted 著名的(指人)42)Practical 实际的practicable 可行的, 通行的43)regretful 遗憾的 (指人)regrettable 遗憾的 (指事)44)seasonable 及时的seasonal 季节的45)spiritual 精神的spirituous 酒精的46)tortuous 弯曲的torturous 受刑的47)transitory 短时间的 (指事)transient 瞬时的 (指人)48)elementary 基本的elemental 自然的49)healthy 健康的healthful 有易于健康的50)likely 可能的likable 可爱的51)desirable 合意的desirous 渴望的52)clean 干净的cleanly 有干净习惯的 Are cats cleanly animals?53)kind 慈善地kindly 友好的,亲切的54)temporal 一时的, 暂时的, 世俗的temporary 暂时的, 临时的高考链接:(2016 江苏)31 His comprhensive surveys have provided the most _statements of how,and on what basis ,data are collectedA explicit B ambiguous C original D arbitrary答案:A解析:考查形容词词义辨析explicit 明晰的,清楚的;ambiguous 模棱两可的,含糊不清的;original 原始的,最初的;arbitrary 任意的,专制的,句意:对于如何以及在什么基础上收集数据,他的综合调查提供了最清晰的说明故A正确考点:考查形容词词义辨析4介词短语5从属连词6动词短语【概念】动词短语:动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心),表达一个概念,其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配在实际使用中,通常会把动词短语当成一个整体【用法】(1)动词+副词:在动词+副词的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间例:First put some salt into the water and then()Amix them up Bmix up them Cmix it up Dmix up it分析:首先放一些盐在水里,然后搅拌它们解答:分析句子,结合选项,推测意思是首先放一些盐在水里,然后搅拌它们这里salt是不可数名词,用it指代,放在中间,故选C(2)动词+副词+介词:在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后例:She is planning her projectLets help her _some good ideas()Acome out Bcome up Ccome up with Dcatch up with分析:她正在计划她的项目,让我们帮助她想出一些好主意解答:come out出来,出现,出版,come up发生,上来,come up with想出,catch up with追上,赶上;结合句意她正在计划她的项目,让我们帮助她想出一些好主意可知,要用是一般现在时,help后面跟动词原形,故答案为C其它三个选项语意不通(3)动词+名词:这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义例:The old man _,and he wants to see a doctor now()Ahas fever Bhave a fever Chas a fever Dhas fevers分析:这位老人发烧了,他现在想去看医生解答:考查动词短语have a fever是固定短语,意思是发烧;结合句意这位老人发烧,他现在想去看医生可知,要用是一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,故答案为C(4)be+形容词+介词:be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义例:This pair of shoes_hand()Ais made with Bare made from Care made of Dis made by分析:这双鞋是手工做的解答:考查动词短语A用什么东西制造B由制造(看不出原材料)C由制造(看出原材料)D由制造(由某人)结合语境这双鞋是手工做的可知,由双手制造,用is made by选D【高考命题方向】高考英语试题常考查动词短语的用法,意义相近的动词短语、但容易混淆的短语、常用动词短语这些是考查的重点7动词的辨析1 考纲解读:1)动词的及物性和不及物性,如open,wash,write2)被动形式中英汉表达的不同,如seat,hide等3)感官动词用作系动词,如feel,look,sound等4)同义近义词的辨析,如include,contain,cover等5)give,get,take,look,go,turn,break,make等动词所构成的短语的词义、词性的辨析2 命题要点:1)在动词及动词词组的测试中,绝大多数为基础动词的考查,出现频率较高的有:give,get,take,look,go,turn,break,make,cut,call,keep,bring,show,hold,fall,pull,catch等(2016香港)Shall we go fishing this weekend?Sorry,I cant,I have to_an important meeting then I dont want to miss it()Atake Benter Chold Dattend【分析】这个周末我们去钓鱼好吗?对不起,我不能,我不得不参加一个重要会议,我不想错过【解答】根据句意可知这里使用动词attend参加,take拿;enter进入;hold举行,由I dont want to miss it可知是要参加会议故选:D【点评】本题考查动词词义辨析,考生在平时的学习中应注意积累相应的词汇和搭配,并牢记其意思在做题时,将词义和题干相结合,从语法、句子结构尤其是句意上去判断,句意通顺,符合逻辑,即正确答案Im going to _ advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle()Aput BMake Ctake Dgive【分析】我将利用这段旅程来探索这个城堡的历史【解答】答案C结合句意可知,这里要表达的是利用,跟advantage相关的利用的短语为take advantage of sth因此答案为C【点评】考生平时需注意常用短语的积累(2014香港)He tried very hard to join the army but was_down because of his poor health()Aturned Bbroken Cslowed Dbrought【分析】他努力参军,但是因为健康差被拒绝了【解答】根据句意可知这里使用短语turn down意为拒绝,break down崩溃,抛锚;slow down放慢速度;bring down使下降根据句意和 because of his poor health可知答案故选:A【点评】本题考查动词词义辨析,考生在平时的学习中应注意积累相应的词汇和搭配,并牢记其意思在做题时,将词义和题干相结合,从语法、句子结构尤其是句意上去判断,句意通顺,符合逻辑,即正确答案(2009安徽)Just as Professor Scotti often_it,success is ninetynine percent mental attitude()Agets Bmakes Cputs Dmeans【分析】正如Scotti教授经常表述的一样,成功是99%的精神态度【解答】答案:Cput it是一个常用语,意为表达get it意为明白,做到;make it 意为达到,成功;mean表示意味着;结合句意答案应选C【点评】题考查词意辨析,在明确各个选项的意思和用法的基础上,结合一些固定的习惯用法得出答案(2009山东)Do you have enough to all your daily expenses?Oh yes,enough and to spare()Acover Bspend Cfill Doffer【分析】你的钱够日常开支吗?没问题,不仅够还有剩余【解答】答案:A该题考查动词意义辨析,cover意为遮盖、足够支付,spend意为花费、付出,fill意为充满,offer意为提供、报价,根据对话可知,第一个人问的是你是否有足够的钱来支付日常花费,所以排除C和D,而spend所接宾语一般为金钱、时间或精力,daily expenses无法作其宾语,所以排除B,故选A【点评】考查动词及动词搭配辨义时,要准确掌握每个动词或搭配含义,并根据题干含义或逻辑关系选择正确答案(2008香港)The team is looking strong, especially now they have_ Patrick()Aadmitted Bincluded Cdelivered Dheld【析】这个队看起来更强大了,尤其现在这个队吸收了Patrick【解答】本题考查动词辨析admit承认;include包含;deliver投递;hold举起,根据句意可知将Patrick包含在内故选:B【点评】本题考查动词词义辨析,考生在平时的学习中应注意积累相应的词汇和搭配,并牢记其意思在做题时,将词义和题干相结合,从语法、句子结构尤其是句意上去判断,句意通顺,符合逻辑,即正确答案(2006香港)Now more and more people have come to know the role that trees _ in our natural environment()Ado Btake Cplay Dwork【分析】现在越来越多的人认识到树在我们的自然环境中起的作用了【解答】答案:C 考查固定短语 play a/the role in在中起作用,是一个固定短语句意:现在越来越多的人认识到树在我们的自然环境中起的作用了所以答案选C【点评】英语中的固定短语,既不能添词,也不能少词,是固定的,要求同学们在平时记忆准确,然后根据句意找出记忆中的固定搭配,做出正确的答案2)把动词和动词词组的区别放在鲜活的语境中(2018江苏)Kids shouldnt have access to violent films because they might _ the things they see()Aindicate Binvestigate Cimitate Dinnovate【分析】孩子们不应该接触暴力电影,因为他们可能模仿他们看到的东西【解答】考查动词词义辨析indicate表明,指示;象征,暗示;investigate调查;审查;imitate模仿,效仿;仿造,伪造;innovate改革,创新句意:孩子们不应该接触暴力电影,因为他们可能模仿他们看到的东西故选:C【点评】本题考查动词词义辨析在熟知词义的基础上,再联系句子所表达的含义,从而选出正确的答案(2017江苏)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help _your year ahead()Ashape Bswitch Cstretch Dsharpen【分析】年末对一年的成功失败快速回顾一下会帮助你在来年的发展【解答】答案:Ashape塑造,体现,影响的发展;switch转换;stretch伸展;sharpen使敏锐,加重;句意表达的是帮助你来年的发展故选A【点评】动词辨析是一个比较难的语言点,搭配较多,用法灵活学习时,要注意积累尤其是相似或相近的用法,要注意区分和掌握(2014江苏)Top graduates from universities are _ by major companies()Achased Bregistered Coffered Dcompensated【分析】优秀大学毕业生受到大公司的追捧【解答】答案:A chase追逐,追求;register注册,登记;offer提供;compensate补偿句意表达的是受到大公司的欢迎和追捧,故选A【点评】动词短语是一个比较难的语言点,搭配较多,用法灵活学习时,要注意积累尤其是相似或相近的用法,要注意区分和掌握(2013江西)She _ the carpet with some very nice curtains in colour()Aconnected Bfitted Cequipped Dmatched【分析】她把地毯和一些漂亮的窗帘在色彩上搭配在一起【解答】答案:D connect联系;fit适合;equip装备;match匹配句意表达的是搭配在一起,故选D【点评】动词短语是一个比较难的语言点,搭配较多,用法灵活学习时,要注意积累尤其是相似或相近的用法,要注意区分和掌握(2009天津)Dont worry if you dont understand everything,the teacher will _ the main points at the end()Arecover Breview Crequire Dremember【分析】如果你什么也不理解,别担心老师会在一节课结束的时候回顾重点【解答】答案:B考查动词词义辨析分析各选项:ARecover恢复;Breview回顾,总结;Crequire需要,要求;Dremember记住;B符合句意,故选B【点评】题考查词意辨析,只要明确各个选项的意思和用法,结合句意很容易得出答案3 解题方法点拨1)平时要进行大量的阅读,在阅读中理解动词及动词词组的新意义,在具体的语境中选择恰当的动词在平时的学习中领悟动词的意义和用法,要特别注意一些最常用的词汇,如get,make,have,take等和一些难分辨的同义词(组)2)掌握动词词组的用法,加强对大纲范围内的动词运用的练习,并注重时态和语态3)在区别动词及动词词组时应在以下几个方面特别注意:(1)近义词词义及用法辨析,如fit/suit,continue/last,help/aid,supply/provide(2)具体语境中句意对词义的限定(3)动词词组的习惯用法4)解题时,首先要研读题干,找出信息词,理顺句意,然后再做最佳选择5)既要注意同义词(组)间的语法差异,又要注意它们之间的意义差异,如share和spare等4高考命题方向 动词及其词组的灵活运用是英语的特色之一,也是学生学习中的难点,因此每年均是测试的重点,今后也将继续重视对它的考查考查重点将集中于以下几个方面:1)易混的基础动词及其词组2)与汉语习惯有出入的动词用法3)部分基础动词及其词组的较高级用法8不定式1 概念:定义: 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为to+动词原形,其中to是其符号,它没有人称和数的变化动词不定式在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等2 结构: to+动词原形3 不定式的一般式的语法功能1)作主语(2014山东)Its standard practice for a company like this one_ a security officer()Aemployed Bbeing employed Cto employ Demploys【分析】对于这样的一家公司,雇佣保安(时),这是一种标准(考核)流程【解答】答案:C本题考查动词不定式作真正的主语,用it来充当形式主语的用法常用结构是:its+形容词/名词+for sb to do sth故选C【点评】动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,其用法很灵活按句子成分来划分有:作主语(常借助形式主语it);宾语/表语;定语;状语;补语等2)作宾语(2012安徽)I remembered the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights()ALocking Bto lock Chaving locked Dto have locked【分析】句意:在我离开办公室前记得要去关门,但忘了去关灯【解答】答案B remember后面接不定式表示记得去做某事,remember后面接动名词表示记得做过某事如果选择A,说明门已经关好了,这与后面的before I left the office是相矛盾的,根据句意,记得要去关门但是却忘记了去关灯故选B【点评】本题考查remember后面接不定式和动名词的区别(2009上海)David threatened his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid()Ato be reportedBreportingCto reportDhaving reported【分析】大卫威胁他的邻居,若是不弥补损失,他将报警【解答】答案是C本题考查非谓语动词;题干中关键考查了短语threaten to do威胁做某事,故选C【点评】首先判断选项中的动词在句中是以谓语还是非谓语形式出现,然后根据选项在句中的功能结合非谓语的基本用法做出合理的判断要关注常见非谓语动词的搭配 3)作定语 (2010山东)I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term()AcompletingBto completeCcompletedDbeing completed【分析】句意:在本学期结束前我还有很多阅读需要完成【解答】答案Bhave sth to do有事要做,这里的不定式做定语修饰sth根据句意,我有很多阅读要完成故选B【点评】本题是基础题,考查不定式中的固定用法have sth to do有事要做 (2011湖南)The ability _an idea is as important as the idea itself()Aexpressing Bexpressed Cto express Dto be expressed【分析】句意:表达一个想法的能力和一个想法本身同样重要【解答】答案C根据固定短语 the abality to do sth 做的能力,可知答案选C【点评】本题考查不定时做后置定语,同时要注意不定式的习惯用法(2013上海)The students are looking forward to having an opportunity _ society for reallife experience()Aexplore Bto explore Cexploring Dexplored【分析】学生们一直盼着有机会体验社会,(以期)得到真正的生活经验【解答】答案:B动词不定式作名词的后置定语不定式做名词的后置定语时,通常与被修饰名词构成主动或被动关系,但如果是抽象名词chance,opportunity等时,则没有这样的限制故选B【点评】不定式是非谓语动词的一种,用法灵活按句子成分来划分有:主语(通常借助形式主语it);宾语/表语;定语;状语;补语等 (2017天津)I was watching the clock all through the meeting,as I had a train _()ACatching Bcaught Cto catch Dto be caught【分析】整个会议过程中我都在看钟,因为我要赶火车【解答】答案:C句中catch作train的后置定语,要用非谓语动词;catch与主语I构成主谓关系,要用表示主动的现在分词或不定式;have sth to do有某事要做故选C【点评】动词不定式是非谓语动词是一种,表示未发生的动作,用法较多常用来作定语,主语,宾语,补语,状语等本题中用来作名词的后置定语 4)作状语(2014天津)Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only _ it didnt fit()Ato find Bfound Cfinding Dhaving found【分析】她焦急地从包里拿出裙子试了试,结果却发现它不合身【解答】答案:Aonly+动词不定式作结果状语,表示意想不到的结果,意为不料,结果却; B过去分词,表示被动和完成的含义;C现在分词,表示主动和进行;D是现在分词的完成式,表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成根据语境可知,此处表示意想不到的结果;因此BCD都不合句意故选:A【点评】本题主要考查了动词不定式的用法做本题的关键是要知道only+动词不定式表示意想不到的结果的这一意义及用法(2014陕西)_ the difficult maths problem,I have consulted Professor Russell several times()AWorking out BWorked out CTo work out DWork out【分析】为了解决这道数学难题,我请教了Russell教授好几次【解答】答案:C动词不定式作目的状语,表达为了的意思题干中所给的句子中间有逗号分隔,后面是陈述句,没有连词,可以知道要填非谓语动词;陈述句的主语I与work out之间是主动关系,可排除B,D;现在分词作状语时,通常表达与谓语同时发生的动作故选C【点评】不定式是非谓语动词的一种,用法灵活按句子成分来划分有:主语(通常借助形式主语it);宾语/表语;定语;状语;补语等本题考查作目的状语的用法(2016北京)_it easier to get in touch with us,youd better keep this card at hand()AMade BMake CMaking DTo make【分析】以便和我们联系更容易些,你最好把这张卡片留在身边【解答】答案:D分析句子结构可知,句中的it作make的形式宾语,真正的宾语是to get in touch with us;makeeasier意为使更容易;结合句意可知,此处 it easier to get in touch with us在句中应该做目的状语;意为:以便和我们联系更容易些;AMade 是过去分词形式,通常与主语构成被动/动宾关系;此处make的形式宾语是it,与主语没有意义关系;故A不正确; BMake 通过分析句意,本句不是祈使句,故句子开头不能使用动词原形,故B不正确;CMaking是现在分词形式,通常与主语构成主谓关系,此处make与主语没有意义关系;所以C也不正确;DTo make是动词不定式用在此处做目的状语;故选D【点评】本题考查了动词不定式作目的状语的用法做本题时,需要正确辨别分词短语与不定式的用法区别(2018北京)During the MidAutumn Festival, family members often gather together_a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes()Ashare Bto share Chaving shared Dshared【分析】在中秋节期间,家庭成员时常聚在一起吃饭,欣赏月亮和享受月饼【解答】考查动词不定式此处用动词不定式表示目的,作目的状语故选B项其它三项不符合语境故选:B【点评】英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来,动词ing形式的一种,兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰动名词有时态和语态的变化另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能与名词类同:在句子可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语它也可以被副词修饰或者用来支配宾语(2017北京)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _ their valuable time()Asave Bsaving Cto save Dsaved【分析】现在很多航班允许乘客在线打印登机牌,以便节约他们宝贵的时间【解答】答案:C句中Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online是完整的句子结构,后面要用非谓语动词;to save表示目的,要用动词不定式构成目的状语故选C【点评】动词不定式是非谓语动词是一种,表示未发生的动作,用法较多常用来作定语,主语,宾语,补语,状语等本题中用来作目的状语,相当于in order to为了 5)宾语补足语 (2015香港)John hadnt expected her _ and praise him, but he had hoped a hearty thankyou for trying to save her()Afell over Bto fall over Cfall over Dfalling over【分析】约翰没有料到她会倒过来表扬他,但他希望因为尽力救她而得到衷心感谢【解答】答案是B本题考查不定式的用法题干中动词expect常常用动词不定式做宾语补足语,构成短语expect sb to do sth(期望某人做);故选:B【点评】首先判断选项中的动词在句中是以谓语还是非谓语形式出现,然后根据选项在句中的功能结合非谓语的基本用法做出合理的判断要关注常见非谓语动词的搭配(2013陕西)Let those in need _ that we will go all out to help them()Ato understand Bunderstand Cunderstanding Dunderstood【分析】让那些需要帮助的人们明白我们会全力以赴去帮助他们【解答】答案:B从整个句子结构来看,这是一个主从复合句,that引导的是宾语从句let sbdo sth意思是让某人做某事,所以用省略to的不定式(understand)作宾语补足语故选B【点评】本题考查了动词不定式作宾补的用法做本题时要分清句子的成分,识记一些常用短语6)特殊用法(2012陕西)If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge()Ameets Bmeeting Cmeet Dto meet【分析】假如他接受了这份工作,他将别无选择只有面对更大的挑战【解答】答案:D根据题干中的have no choice but提示可知,此处构成固定结构have no choice but to do,but前没有动词do的形式,所以其后的不定式to不可以省略故选D【点评】不定式中to的省略问题,有时可当作固定搭配去记忆,有do没to,没do有to,如have no alternative but to do和have nothing to do but do4解题方法点拨 不定式的一般式作为非谓语动词形式之一,真正掌握该形式的用法,需要具备以下基础知识: (I)具有句子结构的知识,要分清简单句与复合句,陈述句与祈使句: (2)具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识,要分得清双宾语和复合宾语: (3)具有扎实而丰富的动词知识,要分得清及物动词和不及物动词、双宾动词和复宾动词一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸; (4)对于不定式的一般式,需要熟练掌握其用法,尤其是一些特别的情况,如不定式的省略等5高考命题方向 非谓语动词是高考的考查重点及难点,尤其是不定式,一般而言,高考会从不定式作定语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语等角度考查,考生需要特别注意9一般过去时【概念】(1)时态时态是动词的一种形式,分为时间和状态时间即过去、现在、未来态有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态、完成进行状态它是表示行为、动作、状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式(2)一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态,过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为,过去主语所具备的能力和性格【结构】(1)主谓宾结构:主语+谓语(动词过去式)+句子其他成分He did his homework yesterday(2)主系表结构:主语+was/were+其它She was a student ten years agoThere were many flowers 2 days ago【用法】(1)一般过去时,表示过去某个时间里发生的非持续性动作或存在的状态,也表示经常或反复发生的动作用动词的过去式表示,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,last night,in+过去的年份,two days ago,before,the age of等He _a book yesterdayIt _him 50 yuanAbought,paid Bspent,tookCpaid,spent Dbought,cost分析:昨天他买了一本书,它花了他50元解答:D根据关键词yesterday可知,本句是一般过去时态,bought,买,是瞬间动词,表示过去的动作;第二个空it做主语,代指a book,所以动词用cost故选D点评:本题考查动词的时态,解决此类问题是根据关键词和标志词来确定动词的形式,在不同的语言环境中达到熟练掌握的目的(2)一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常和often,always等表示频率的时间状语连用表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格Dad,did you ride a bike to school when you _ a boy?No,my family was poor,so I usually _ to school on foot()Aare,go Bwere,go Cwas,went Dwere,went分析:爸爸,当你是个小孩的时候你骑车去上学吗?不,我家里穷,所以我经常走路上学解答:D结合句意是表达的过去的事情用一般过去时,主语you,故were,主语I,故went,故答案是D点评:一般过去时,表示过去某个时间里发生的非持续性动作或存在的状态,也表示经常或反复发生的动作用动词的过去式表示,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,例如:yesterday,last night,in+过去的年份,two days ago,before,the age of,the day before yesterday等【易混淆点】一般过去时与现在完成时(1)一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对现在产生的影响如:(2)现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果不与确定的过去时间状语连用如:How long_?Let me seeWe _in 2008,that is,for 7 years()Ahave you been married,have marriedBhave you got married,got marriedCdid you get married,marriedDhave you been married,got married分析:你们结婚多久了?让我想想我们2008年结婚,也就是,七年了解答:Dhow long表示多久,根据句意可知get married动作发生在过去,持续了一段时间故用现在完成时have/has+过去分词,主语you,get married是短暂性动词不能与how long连用,换成be married表示状态,be的过去分词been,故How long have you been married?结合时间状语in 2008是过去的时间,故用一般过去时,get的过去式got,故答案是D点评:动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与短暂性动词 延续性动词可以与以since,for,how long等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用 例如:He has lived here for 6 yearsHow long did you stay there last year?短暂性动词也称终止性动词、非延续性动词或瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束如:open,die,close,begin,finish,come,go,join,borrow,lend,buy,arrive,reach,start,marry,end等10现在完成时【概念】(1)现在完成时:过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果到现在为止已经发生或完成的动作表示过去发生的、持续到现在的动作或状态(2)概念点拨:影响性:指过去的某个动作对现在造成的影响或结果持续性:指从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态,还有可能继续延续下去【结构】现在完成时的结构:have / has + 过去分词例:He has seen the film several times 这部电影他已看了好几次I have known her for a long time 我认识她很长时间了句中的 has seen 和 have known 均为现在完成时,第一句属影响性用法,其影响是他对电影内容非常熟悉了;第二句属持续性用法,指认识她已持续了很长一段时间【用法】(1)影响性用法实例分析: I have lost my pen 我把钢笔丢了根据句意可知,丢钢笔这个动作发生在过去,同时也在过去已经完成,但这个在过去发生和完成的动作对现在有影响我现在无钢笔用,或我得去买支新的 We have finished the work 我们已把工作干完了显然完成工作这个动作发生在过去,同时也在过去已经完成,但这个在过去发生和完成的动作对现在有影响我们可以休息了,或可以回家了,或可以做别的事了(2)持续性用法实例分析: Ive waited a week for your answer 等你的答复我已等了一个星期根据句意可知,等这个动作发生在过去,但它在过去并没有完成,而是一直等到现在,已持续了一个星期 We have lived here quite a number of years 我们在这里住了很多年了根据句意可知,住在这儿是从过去开始的,但它在过去并没有完成,而是一直等到现在,已持续了好几年【易混淆点】(1)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:它们的动作都是发生在过去,不同之处在于,说话者是否强调这个影响:如果强调对现在的影响,就用现在完成时;如果不强调对现在的影响,而是强调动作发生的过去时间,就用一般过去时体会下面的句子: Ive washed the car 我已经洗过车了(车现在是干净的) I washed the car yesterday 我洗了车子(强调车子昨天洗的)第一句用的是现在完成时,它强调的是洗车对现在的影响车现在是干净的;第二句用的是一般过去时,它不强调洗车对现在的影响,只表明车昨天洗过,至于它现在是否干净说话人并不关心(2)have been to和have gone to的区别:have been to表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那儿have gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这儿例:Have you ever been to Greece? 你去过希腊吗?The Smiths have gone to Canada for a holiday 史密斯全家都到加拿大度假去了与表示次数的once, twice, three times等连用时,只能用have been to,不能用have gone to例:She has been to Europe twice 她到欧洲去过两次have been to除可后接地点表示去过某地外,有时还可以接表示活动的名词,表示去参加过某种活动,或接动词原形(尤其是动词see),表示去做过某事如:Shes just been to a party 她刚参加一个晚会回来He has never been to see me since I have been ill 我生病以来他从未来看过我【解题方法点拨】根据标志词判断现在完成时如since,so far,in the last/past five years,over the years,Its the first second, third time that等根据语境判断现在完成时看句子表达的意思是否强调现在【高考命题方向】高考英语试题常考查动词的辨析用法和常用时态,即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时五种时态是考查的重点对于现在完成时的考查,多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力因此,学生练题时一定要注意时态细节11将来完成时的被动语态12主谓一致【概念】主谓一致:主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致,主谓一致必须遵循三原则:语法一致原则,意义一致原则,就近一致原则语法一致原则:指主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语也用复数形式Tom is a good student 汤姆是个好学生They often play football on the playground 他们经常在操场上踢足球意义一致:指主语形式上为单数,但意义为复数,因此谓语动词用复数形式;或主语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义,这是谓语动词用单数形式My family are having lunch now我们一家人现在正吃午饭Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book 这本书20美元太贵了就近一致:指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式,取决于最靠近他的主语例:Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football不仅老师喜欢踢足球,而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球There is a pen and some books on the desk课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书【用法】单数名词(代词),不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式,复数名词(代词)作主语,谓语用复数形式The desk is Toms这张桌子是汤姆的Some water is in the bottle 一些水在瓶子里The students are playing football on the playground 这些学生正在操场上踢足球many a+单数名词作主语,意义虽为许多,但谓语要用单数形式Many a student has been to Shanghai许多学生到过上海more than one+单数名词作主语,谓语用单数More than one student has ever been to Beijing不止一个学生曾经去过北京表示时间,价格,重量,数目,长度,数学运算等的词或短语作主语时,这些通常作一个 整体概念,谓语用单数形式Two months is a long holiday两个月是一个长假Twenty pounds isnt so heavy2 0英镑并不太重Ten miles isnt a long distance 1 0英里并不是一段很长的距离Five minus four is one5减4等于1主语是each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)+单数名词时,谓语动词用单数Each boy and each girl has got a seat每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位Every man and every woman is at work每个男人和女人都在工作one and a half+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式One and a half hours is enough 一个半小时足够了动词不定式,动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式To see is to believe眼见为实Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes 做眼睛保健操对你的眼睛十分有益a/an+单数名词+or two 作主语,谓语动词用单数A student or two has failed the exam一两个学生考试不及格当主语部分含有with,together with,along with,as well as,besides,except,but,like 等介词或介词短语时,谓语动词用单数形式;但名词+as well as+名词时,谓语动词一般应与第一个名词一致Mike with his father has been to England迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰Mike,like his brother,enjoys playing football 迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球The students as well as the teacher were present at the meeting由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时,一般用复数形式,但and所连接的并列主语是同一个人,事物,或概念时,谓语动词用单数这两种情况区分如下:a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词,指的是同一个人或物;a/the+单数名词+and+a/the+单数名词,指两个人或物The writer and teacher is coming那位作家兼教师来了(作家和教师指同一个人)The writer and the teacher are coming 作家和老师来了(作家和老师是两个人)people,police等集体名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式family,class,group,team等集体名词作 主语,若指一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;若指一个具体成员时,谓语动词复数形式People here are very friendly 这儿的人很友好His family isnt large他家的人不多My family all like watching TV 我们一家人都喜欢看电视不定代词somebody,someone,something,anybody,anything,everybody, everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing作主语,谓语动词用单数Is everyone here today今天大家到齐了吗?Something is wrong with him他有毛病Nobody was in 没有人在家each, either,neither,another,the other 作主语,谓语动词用单数Each of them has an English dictionary他们每人都有一本英语词典Neither answer is correct 两个答案都不正确以s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义,谓语通常用单数形式,如news, maths, physics等No news is good news没有消息就是好消息Maths is very popular in our class 在我们班数学很受欢迎由bothand连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;由or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also,notbut,连接两个名词或代词作主语时,根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式Either my wife or I am goingNeither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answerNot only you but also he is ready to leave 如果主语是由a series of, a kind of, a portion of+名词构成时,动词一般用单数形式 但a variety of,a number of +名词复数,动词要用复数形式;而the number of +复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数A series of prerecorded taps has been prepared for language laboratory useOn exhibition there are a great variety of consumer goodsThe number of the students is over eight houndred以here,there开关的句子,若主语在两个或两个以上,谓语动词通常与临近的主语一致There is a book and three pens on the deskHere are some books and paper for you the+形容词表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式,表示抽象概念时,用单数形式The poor are very happy,but the rich are sadThe beautiful lives forever 美是永存的【解题方法点拨】先从语法一致,意义一致,就近一致三个方面审题考查什么再根据各用法具体的知识点考虑一些固定用法下列形容词、副词、代词从肯定句变成否定句时须作相应的变化Weve had some(money) We havent had any(money)I was talking to someone I wasnt talking to anyoneThey sometimes visit us They rarely (never,seldom)visit usHe has arrived already He hasnt arrived yetLi is coming too Li isnt coming eitherBoth of us are going Neither of us are goingHe likes both of them He doesnt like either of them【高考命题方向】高考英语试题常考查就近一致,是考查主谓一致的重点13虚拟语气一概念:虚拟语气主要用来表示假设,而非客观存在的事实,所陈述的是一个条件,不一定是事实,甚至完全与事实相反虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实,或难以实现的情况,甚至表达彻底相反的概念此外如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时,也可用虚拟语气二在条件状语从句中的应用条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的甚至完全不可能发生的情况,故采用虚拟语气例如:If he doesnt hurry up,he will miss the bus如果他不快点,他将错过巴士( 真实)If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories如果他有空,他会要求我讲故事(真实)If I were you,I would go at once如果我是你,我马上就会去(我不可能是你非真实,虚拟语气,与现在事实相反)If there were no air,people would die如果没有空气,人就会死亡(不可能没有空气非真实,虚拟语气,与现在事实相反)1、表示与现在事实相反的情况从句: If+主语+动词一般过去时(Be动词用were)主句: 主语+ should/would/might/could+do:If I were you,I would take an umbrella如果我是你,我会带把伞(事实:我不可能是你)If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你(事实:不知道)If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物(事实:地球上既有空气也有水)If I had any money with me,I could lend you some如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些(事实:没有带钱)If he studied harder,he might pass the exam如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了(事实:没有努力)If I were you, Id wear a shirt and tie如果我是你,我就会穿衬衫和领带(事实:我并不是你)2、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句: If+主语+had+done主句: 主语+should/would/might/could+have doneeg:If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她(事实:去晚了)If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了(事实:没有听我的话)3、表示与将来事实相反从句:if+主语+were to doif+主语+should+doif+主语+动词一般过去式(be动词用were)主句:主语+should/would/might/could+doeg:If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈(事实:来的可能性很小,不可能)If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would go skating如果下周日下大雪,我们就去滑冰(事实:下雪可能性很小,不可能)If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末(事实:来的可能性很小,不可能)4、 有时,虚拟条件句中,如果主句和从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整这种条件句叫错综条件句从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符eg:If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer now如果我当时在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在就是一个工程师了If they had informed us,we would not come here now如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符如:If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing如果他今天有空的话,我们就已经派他去北京了If he knew her,he would have greeted her要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了5、 当从句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if可以省略,这时从句要用倒装语序,即把were,should,had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语eg:Should he agree to go there,we would send him there要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去了Were she here,she would agree with us如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了【注】若条件从句为否定句,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Werent,Shouldnt,Hadnt而置于句首有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词:Had I time,I would come 假若我有时间,我会来的(If I had time)6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without,but for(要不是因为)等eg:But for his help,we would be working now要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步We didnt know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话7、 有时,虚拟条件语气的从句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情省略从句He would have finished it 他本该完成了You could have passed this exam 你本能通过这次考试的省略主句If I were at home now 要是我现 在在家里该多好啊If only I had got it 我要是得到它了该多好啊8注意,在虚拟语气的从句中,动词be的过去时态一律用were,不用wasIf I were you,I would go to look for him如果我是你,就会去找他9省略条件从句这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的:I might see her personally It would be better 我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些(If I saw her personally,it would be better)情况一 条件暗含在短语中如:We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话(暗含条件是otherwise)Without your help,we wouldnt have achieved so much没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩(暗含条件是介词短语without your help)But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment如果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功(暗含条件是but for your help)It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障(暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately)情况二 条件暗含在上下文中如:I would not have done it that way我是不会那么做的(可能暗含if I were you)I was busy that day Otherwise I would have come to help you我那天很忙否则我会来帮你的(可能暗含if I hadnt been so busy)You might come to join us in the discussion你可以参加我们的讨论(可能暗含if you wanted to)I would have bought the DVD player我是会买下那台影碟机的(可能暗含if I had the money)But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到(可能暗含if it had not been for the storm)误区1混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化;2省略if时,句子调整不正确;3不会去找意思中的应该含义;4陷在虚拟中出不来,把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句三目的状语从句中的应用1、在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:(should) + do并且should能省略(for fear that,lest),in case不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in 她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入He started out earlier lest he (should) be late 他早早地就出发了以防迟到2、在so that,in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / could / may / might / will / would /should + doHe goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字四宾语从句中的应用(一)、wish后的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were);若表示与过去事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用would / could+have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done(注意这里的情态动词不能用should);若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用would (could)+动词原形注意如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变如:I wish I could be of some use 我希望我能有什么用处We wish he didnt smoke 我们希望他不吸烟I wish prices would come down 我希望物价能降下来I wish the train would come 我希望火车将会来I wished I hadnt spent so much money 但愿我没有花这么多钱(二)、表示坚持后的宾语从句主要是指insist的宾语从句,从句谓 语由should+动词原形构成,其中的should在美国 英语中通常可以省略如:I insisted that he (should) stay 我坚持要他留下He insisted that I (should) go with them 他坚持要我同他们一起去Rose insisted that he be present 罗斯坚持要他出席The detective insisted that he should have a look 警探坚持要查看注意:动词insist后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气比较:He insisted that I had read his letter 他坚持说我看过他的信He insisted that I should read his letter 他坚持要我看他的信(三)、表示命令后的宾语从句主要是指order, command的宾语从句,从句谓语由should+动词原形构成,其中的should在美国英语 中通常可以省略如:He ordered that it (should) be sent back 他命令把它送回去The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded 法官命令被告还押The King ordered that the man be released 国王命令释放那人He commanded that we (should) attack at once 他命令我们立即发起进攻(四)、表示建议后的宾语从句主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句,从句 谓语由should+动词原形构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略如:He suggested that we should leave early 他建议我们早点动身The doctor advised that he change his job 医生劝他换工作They recommend that this tax be abolished 他们建议取消这种税I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now 我建议我们现 在就吃午饭The committee proposed (that) Mr Day be elected 委员会建议推选戴先生The doctor advised suggested that he (should) not smoke 医生建议他不要抽烟I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once 我提议对此问题立刻进行表决He proposed that Mr OLeary be the chairman 他提议奥列利先生担任主席She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements 她建议我来负责进行安排注意:与动词insist相似,动词suggest后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别也是:若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气,此时suggest通常译为建议;若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实,则要用陈述语气,此时的suggest通常译为表明、认为比较并体会:He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner 他建议我们留下吃饭What he said suggested that he was a cheat 他说的话表明他是个骗子I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him 我觉得你与他心照不宣(五)、表示要求后的宾语从句主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句,从句谓语 由should+动词原形构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常 可以省略如:I ask that he leave 我要求他走开He requires that I (should) appear 他要求我出场They require that I go at once 他们要求我立刻走I demand that John (should) go there at once 我要求约翰立即到那里去I requested that he should use his influence on my behalf 我请求他为我施用他的影响He asked that the message be given to Madame immediately 他要求把信息立即带给夫人They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult man 他们要求给予每个成年男子以选举权(六)、表示提议投票后的宾语从句主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由should+动词原形构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略如:I move that we accept the proposal 我提议通过这项提案Mr Chairman, I beg to move that the meeting be adjourned 主席先生,我提议休会Congress has voted that the present law be maintained 国会投票决定维持现 在这条法律Claudel moved that Norwood should be made a member of the committee 克洛戴尔提出动议,让诺伍德当一名委员(七)、表示敦促后的宾语从句主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句,从句谓语由should+动词 原形构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略如:He urges that the restrictions be lifted 他敦促取消这些限制He urged that they go to Europe 他敦促他们到欧洲去He urged that the rates should be reduced 他敦请减轻捐税He urged that the matter should go to arbitration 他极力主张这件事要提交仲裁They urged that relief work should be given priority 他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置(八)、表示安排后的宾语从句主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句,从句谓语由should+动词原形构 成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略如:He arranged that I should go abroad 他安排我去国外I arranged that Tom should meet them 我安排好叫汤姆去接他们They arranged that the minister should be met at the airport 他们安排在机场迎接这位部长It was arranged that they should leave the following spring 已安排好他们第二年春天离开Theyve arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting 他们安排好让我一部分时间不在开会现场(九)、表示希望打算后的宾语从句主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句,从句谓语由should+动词原形构成,其 中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略如:She desires that he do it 她希望他做此事They intended that the news (should) be suppressed 他们打算封锁这条消息I desire the patient should have a bath every day 我希望病人每天洗澡(十)、倒装有时可将条件从句的连词if省略,但此时应用倒装句型,即把从句中的had,should,were等提到句首:Were I Tom,I would refuse 如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝Should it be necessary,I would go 假若有必要,我会去的Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time 若不是天气坏,我们就准时到达了【注】若条件从句为否定句,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Werent,Shouldnt,Hadnt而置于句首有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词:Had I time,I would come 假若我有时间,我会来的(If I had time)五其他用法1、一想要(desire) 一宁愿(prefer) 一坚持(insist)二命令(order , command) 三建议(advise , suggest , propose/recommend) 四要求(demand , require , request , ask)中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:should + doshould可以省略eg:He suggested that we (should) take the teachers adviceHe insisted that we (should) take the teachers adviceHe demand that we (should) take the teachers adviceHe ordered that we (should) take the teachers adviceinsist意为坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气;意为坚持某种观点,某个事实则不用虚拟语气eg:He insists he is a student 他坚持说他是个学生这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气suggest意为建议才用虚拟语气,意为暗示或表明则不用虚拟语气eg:His face suggests that he looks worried 他的表情表明了他很担心这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气2、表情绪,观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity ,the shame ,no wonder等句型:It isthat +主语从句,从句的谓语动词常用should+原形且should的省略要看情况而定eg:Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao(should表示建议的语气,可省)It is strange that such a person should be our friend(should表示竟然的语气,不可省)奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友3、礼貌委婉地表达情况的紧迫性可用虚拟语气表示紧迫的形容词如:advisable ,best,critical,desirable,essential,imperative,important,necessary,urgent,vital等句型:It is +主语从句eg:Its vital that you make a decision right now 你立刻就做决定是至关重要的4、 在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形,may/might可以省略,表示与现 在相反的情况;从句用过去式,表示与过去相反的情况,类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同eg:Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办(事实:他没来)Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here即使华佗在世也救不了他(事实:华佗不在世)5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气其虚拟语气的结构为:过去 had + done现在 过去时(be 用were )将来 过去时(be 用were ) (would rather将来情况用一般过去时)eg:Id rather you had seen the film yesterday我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影Id rather you were here now我倒想你现在在这儿Wed rather you went here tomorrow我们倒想你明天去那儿6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:早该做某事了时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do(should不可省略)(优先使用动词过去式),即从句用虚拟过去式It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school我该去学校接我的女儿了It is high time you should go to work你早该上班了7、 简单句中的虚拟语气 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should +doeg:Would you mind my shutting the door?你介意我把门关起来吗?You should always learn this lesson by heart你要把这个教训牢记于心I should agree with you我本该同意你的观点(委婉的不同意)六高考命题方向这部分语法在高考中仍将会以考查语境和语篇理解的形式来考查,重点考察学生能否在语篇中具体理解语境,然后根据语境做出正确的应用因此,考生要在平时的学习中加强语篇的理解练习,熟练掌握此语法的各种用法,努力达到熟能生巧的程度14限制性定语从句1概念:限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用,关系代词that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等,没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开,表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语This is the city where he used to liveDo you have the photo that we took together in our primary school?2特点:1)限制性定语从句是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句,它所修饰的词代表一个些)或一类特定的人或事物2)限制性定语从句一般是不能去掉的,否则剩下的部分就会失去意义或者表述不明确3)限制性定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略如:Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?Where is the book which I bought this morning?3 易混淆点:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1)限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿He is the man whose car was stolen 他就是汽车被窃的那个人Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁2)先行词不同:限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的(which指drive too fast)He changed his mind, which made me very angry 他改变了主意,这使我很生气(which指整个主句)3)关系词不同:关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略(参见本章有关内容),而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略2018春淮安期末)In 334BC, Alexander took his army into the Middle East and then Egypt, defeating every army _ stood in his pathAwhat Bthat Cwhich Dwhere【考点】限制性定语从句as与which引导的定语从句【分析】公元前334年,亚力山大把他的军队带到了中东和埃及,击败了每一支挡路的军队【解答】考查限制性定语从句分析句子结构可知这是一个定语从句,先行词every army在从句中作主语,因指人,用关系代词that,故B项正确故选:B【点评】考查定语从句,要搞清楚句子成分,找出从句的先行词及从句与先行词之间的逻辑关系,把主句与从句分别翻译出来,然后依照逻辑关系把句子衔接起来引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when ,why等,关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语,就要用关系代词来连接从句;如果从句中缺少状语,就得用关系副词来连接从句4解题方法点拨:1)首先查看是否是定语从句2)看看定语从句是否与先行词用逗号隔开,确定是否是定语从句3)再确定定语从句中缺少那个成分5 高考命题方向主要考查限制性定语从句中的关系代词的选择15同位语从句1 概念:位语从句,指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句,属于名词性从句的范畴,同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明,被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系2 结构: 先行词+从句We heard the news that our volleyball team had won the match3 用法:引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that,whether,连接代词和连接副词等1)that引导that连接从句时从句为一个句意完整的陈述句that不能省略,没有具体的意思,不充当句子成分,只起连接作用同位语从句(注:引导同位语从句的that不能省略)The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的(作idea的同位语)【注意1】在某些名词(如demand,wish,suggestion,resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team有一项建议是布朗应该离队2) whether引导The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定3)连接代词what,who,whom,whose,引导同位语从句I have no idea what size shoes she wears 我不知道她穿几号的鞋(what作定语)Thequestion who will take his place is still not clear (who作主语)4)连接副词when,where,how,why引导We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定4 易混淆点:要区分开同位语从句与定语从句从语法角度来看,引导同位语从句的that是连词,只起语法作用,用来连接同位语从句,在从句中不充当任何成分,不省略;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,它除了起引导从句的语法作用之外,还要在从句中充当句子成分主要是作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略例如:同位语从句: The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴(that只起连接作用)定语从句: The fact that (which) we talked about is very important我们所谈论的那个事实很重要(that在从句中作about的宾语)5 解题方法点拨:1)一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news, idea, fact, promise, hope, message等)的后面,用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容例如:The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人Ive come from Mr Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon我从王先生那边得知一个消息,他说他今天下午不能来看你了2有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后,而被别的词语隔开,在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句例如:The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again据说他高考又落榜6 高考命题方向:同位语从句的语气是高考考查重点:Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should) be adopted采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的The government gave the order that all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉16with的复合结构1 概念:with+宾语+宾语补足语,构成with复合结构,宾语可以是名词或是代词,宾语补足语可以是介词短语、过去分词、现在分词、形容词、动词不定式、副词且with后面的宾语与其后的宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系2 结构:1)With+宾语+介词短语He was asleep with his head on his arms2)with+宾语+过去分词(宾语与宾补之间是被动关系)All the afternoon he worked with the door lockedHe lay in bed with his head covered3)with+宾语+现在分词(宾语与宾补之间是主动关系)With winter coming on,its time to buy warm clothes4)with+宾语+todo(不定式做宾补有将来的含义)I cant go out with all these dishes to wash5)with+宾语+形容词/副词With John away,weve got more roomAnderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on3 用法:with复合结构在句中表状态或说明背景情况,常做伴随,方式,原因,条件等状语,有时作定语1)She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语)2)With the meal over ,we all went home(with+名词+副词,作时间状语)3)The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语)4)He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me(with+名词+不定式,作伴随状语)5)She fell asleep with the light burning(with+名词+现在分词 ,作伴随状语)6)With everything considered(If everything is considered),his plan is better than yours (作条件状语 )7)With his key missing(Because his key is missing),he had to stay outside(作原因状语)8)Do you know the woman with a baby in her arms(who has a baby in her arms)?(作定语)4 易混淆点:宾补为动词时,要看动词和宾补的关系:1)Dont sleep with the machine working(强调名词是 ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作,状态正在进行)2)With nobody to help him, he felt hopeless (不定式动作尚未发生)3)With all the work finished, they felt very pleased (强调名词是 ed分词动作的承受者或动作已经发生)5 解题方法点拨:with复合结构是高中阶段英语语法的一个难点正确使用此结构,不但可以使句子简洁明了,还可以增强语言表现力在with复合结构中,对非谓语动词的考查是高考中最常见的,对此我们可以这样考虑:with sth doing表示主动,with sth done表示被动,with sth to do表示动作将要发生,考生只要弄清楚逻辑主语,就可以做出正确判断6 高考命题方向:1)2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(陕西卷)英语试题中有这样一道题:With no one to_in such a frightening situation, she felt very helplessA turn on B turn off C turn over D turn to 答案是D该题看似考查动词短语的辨析,而实际上它还考查了turn to与no one之间的逻辑关系, 亦即with复合结构的用法2)(2014年武汉重点中学一模)When Lisa stood before the audience, she felt very uneasy with _ her当莉萨站在观众面前的时候,由于所有人的目光都聚集在她的身上,让她感到很不自在学生错解:all (the) eyes focusing on正确答案:all (the) eyes focused on答案解析:这道题的得分率很低,因为考生往往是从汉语的角度理解,没有根据地道的英语表达来做题许多考生认为,所有人的目光都聚集在她的身上,这不是一个主动句吗?为什么答案是all (the) eyes focused on,用被动了呢?其实,表示主动还是被动,这要看非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系,而不要被汉语思维束缚本题的逻辑主语eyes和非谓语动词focus是被动关系,因为我们说focus ones eyes on sb/sth,所以正确答案应为all (the) eyes focused on3)(2014年湖北省重点高中模拟)With _, his family continues to support him in every way他的梦想实现了,他的家庭继续在各个方面支持他学生错解:his dream come true正确答案:his dream coming true答案解析:考生在做题时易受汉语思维影响,实现梦想,很多考生理解为梦想被实现,所以就出现了his dream come true这种错误答案come true是一个不及物动词短语,是没有被动语态的,我们说他的梦想实现了,英语表达为His dream came/comes true17语言交际(相关内容参见考点卡片问候)18日常生活类阅读(相关内容参见考点卡片记叙文)19人物故事类【考查类型】(1)阅读理解考查类型:1主旨大意2文中细节3词义猜测4推理判断(2)文中细节的考查类型:1直接信息题2间接信息题3综合信息题【解题方法】1直接信息题:直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息,选项在语言表达上与原文基本一致的题目2间接信息题:间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息,但在语言表达上与原文有差异,做题时需要对原文信息进行转换3综合信息题:综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话,可能是原文的几句话,或者是散落在文章不同的地方,要求学生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析,而不能断章起义【常见的提问方式】1According to the passage,who/what/where/which/when/why/how,etc?2Which of the following is True/Not True/false/mentioned?3Which of the following is the correct according to the passage?20广告布告类阅读【考查类型】(1)阅读理解考查类型:1主旨大意2文中细节3词义猜测4推理判断(2)文中细节的考查类型:1直接信息题2间接信息题3综合信息题【解题方法】1直接信息题:直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息,选项在语言表达上与原文基本一致的题目2间接信息题:间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息,但在语言表达上与原文有差异,做题时需要对原文信息进行转换3综合信息题:综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话,可能是原文的几句话,或者是散落在文章不同的地方,要求学生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析,而不能断章起义【常见的提问方式】1According to the passage,who/what/where/which/when/why/how,etc?2Which of the following is True/Not True/false/mentioned?3Which of the following is the correct according to the passage?21科教类阅读【考查类型】(1)阅读理解考查类型:1主旨大意2文中细节3词义猜测4推理判断(2)文中细节的考查类型:1直接信息题2间接信息题3综合信息题【解题方法】1直接信息题:直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息,选项在语言表达上与原文基本一致的题目2间接信息题:间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息,但在语言表达上与原文有差异,做题时需要对原文信息进行转换3综合信息题:综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话,可能是原文的几句话,或者是散落在文章不同的地方,要求学生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析,而不能断章起义【常见的提问方式】1According to the passage,who/what/where/which/when/why/how,etc?2Which of the following is True/Not True/false/mentioned?3Which of the following is the correct according to the passage?22任务型阅读【考查能力介绍】任务型阅读理解题是介于阅读理解与书面表达之间的一种题型,所选文章题材内容贴近现代社会生活,涉及学生生活、富有时代气息任务型阅读题型综合检测考生的阅读、理解、分析、判断、跨文化交际知识以及心理感悟能力等考生对某一题的错误判断会影响其对其他题目作出正确的分析和判断,产生曼延作用任务型阅读理解分为表格型和非表格型其中非表格型阅读题目主要有:问答题;翻译题(英汉互译);句式转换;用所给词的适当形式填空;判断正误题;补充句子;拟标题;改错;写近义词、同义词、反义词;选择题;排序题但不论题型如何变化,只要准确把握文章信息,掌握一定的解题方法,都能得以解决【解题方法点拨】完成任务型阅读的过程就是:阅读(信息输入)判断、分析、概括、推理(信息加工与处理)答题(信息输出)具体解题方法如下:在读文章之前,先看一下文章后面的题目及要求,这样在阅读文章时就会有针对性;在读文章过程中,要兼顾文章主旨的归纳和细节信息的收集;在读文章后,核对各条题目,将信息进行梳理,根据要求(表格类阅读题往往限制没空词数)处理信息,正确表达答题时还要注意: A尽量简略回答;B句子开头首字母要大写,标点符号要规范,单词拼写要正确无误,书写要认真;C要对照题目,根据需要对句子的人称、时态、单复数、主谓搭配等方面进行核对解题步骤(以题目为例)任务型阅读阅读短文,根据其内容,完成下列任务One morning it took me an hour to watch a small ant carry a huge feather(羽毛)across myback hallSeveral times it met objects on its way and after a short time it would go around themAt one point the ant had to deala crack(裂缝 )about 10 mm wideAfter a short time of thought,the ant put the feather over the crack,it and picked it up on the other side,then continued on its wayI was attracted by the cleverness of this ant,one of Gods smallest creaturesIt was an example of the wonder of creationHere was an insect,tiny,yet given a brain(大脑)to think,discover and beat difficultiesBut this ant,just like people,also shares human weaknesses(弱点)After some time the ant finally reached its homea flower bed at the end of the hall and a small hole that was the entrance to its underground homeAnd it was here that the ant finally faced the problemHow could that large feather be possibly pulled into the small hole?Of course it couldntSo the an
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