【英语写作技巧】unit3paragraph课件

1、【英语写作技巧】unit3paragraph【英语写作技巧】unit3paragraphContents1234 What is a paragraphBasic Paragraph StructureParagraph CoherenceSummaryContents1234 What is a paragA paragraph is a basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea. So a paragraph should:be abo

2、ut one idea (unity)be developed logically (coherence)be formatted according to convention.1. What is a paragraph?A paragraph is a basic unit oDiscussion 1: Read the following paragraph carefully and analyze its structure.Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of a

3、ll, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. 2. Basic Paragraph Structure2. Basic Paragraph StructureFor example, a Macedonian coin remains as u

4、ntarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The most recent use of gold is astronauts suits. Astronauts wear gold-pla

5、ted heat shields for protection outside the spaceship. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility. 2. Basic Paragraph StructureFor example, a Macedonian coinTopic SentenceSupporting sentence 1 Supporting sentence 2Supporting sentence 3 Concluding SentenceThe th

6、ree parts of a paragraphTopic SentenceSupporting SuppAn exampleThere are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of e

7、ducation. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live. An exampleT

8、here are three reasDiscussion 2: The sentences below cannot be used as topic sentences. Can you figure out why they are inappropriate? (1) My hometown is famous because it is located by Wheaton River, which is very wide, and because it is built near an unusually steep hill called Wheaton Hill. 2.1 T

9、opic sentenceDiscussion 2: The sentences be (2) There are two reasons why some people like to buy cars with automatic transmission and two reasons why others like cars with manual transmission. 2.1 Topic sentence 2.1 Topic sentenceRevised:1. My hometown is famous for several amazing geographical fea

10、tures. 2.1 Topic sentenceRevised:2.1 Topic sentenceRevised:2. There are two reasons why some people like to buy cars with automatic transmission. OR (in a different paragraph): There are two reasons why some people like cars with manual transmission. 2.1 Topic sentenceRevised:2.1 Topic sentenceThe t

11、opic sentenceThe topic sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph. It summarizes the main idea of your paragraph, and indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about. The topic sentenceThe topic se Write a topic sentence for a paragraph which describes your hometown.Task 1 Write a t

12、opic sentence They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. You should give supporting facts, details, and examples. listingFirst of all, in addition, whats more ExemplificationFor instance, for example

13、2.2 Supporting Sentences - Four ways to expand the topic sentenceThey come after the topic sentcause and effectas, as a result, because of, due to, thus, since, as a consequence, lead to , result in, comparison and contraston the contrary, in contrast, while, whereas,2.2 Supporting Sentences - Four

14、ways to expand the topic sentencecause and effect2.2 Supporting Write some sentences to support your topic sentence (finished in task 1)Task 2 Write some sentences to First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, whic

15、h is unusual because it is very steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. SampleFirst, it is noted for the WheThe closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. It restates the main idea of your pa

16、ragraph. Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words. Sample:These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place.2.4 Details in Paragraphs 2.5 A Note on Formality 2.3 The Concluding SentenceThe closing sentence is the la My hometown is famous for several amaz

17、ing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. My hometown is famous for My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted f

18、or the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old.My hometown is fam

19、ous for seveMy hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree

20、 stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place.My hometown is famous for seveDetailI spent some part of every year at the farm until I was twelve or thirteen years old. The life which I led there

21、with my cousins was full of charm, and so is the memory of it yet. I can call back the solemn twilight and mystery of the deep woods, the earthy smells, the faint odors of the wild flowers, the sheen of rain-washed foliage, the rattling clatter of drops when the wind shook the trees, the far-off ham

22、mering of woodpeckers and muffled drumming of wood pheasants in the remoteness of the forest, the snapshot glimpses of disturbed wild creatures scurrying through the grass-I can call it all back and make it as real as it ever was, and as blessed. I can call back the prairie, and its loneliness and p

23、eace, and a vast hawk hanging motionless in the sky, with hisDetailI spent some part of eve wings spread wide and the blue of the vault showing through the fringe of the end feathers. I can see the woods in their autumn dress, the oaks purple, the hickories washed with gold, the maple luminous with

24、crimson fires, and I can hear the rustle made by the fallen leaves as we plowed through them. I can see the blue clusters of wild grapes hanging among the foliage of the saplings, and I remember the taste of them and the smell. I know how the wild blackberries looked, and how they tasted, and the sa

25、me with the pawpaws, the hazelnuts, and persimmons; and I can feel the thumping rain, upon my head, of hickory nuts and walnuts when we were out in the frosty dawn to scramble for them with the pigs and the gusts of wind loosed them and sent them down. wings spread wide and the Kinds of Paragraphs D

26、efinition Classification Description Compare and Contrast Sequence Choice Explanation Evaluation Kinds of Paragraphs DefinitiDefinition ParagraphWhen writing a definition paragraph, you take a thing or an idea and explain what it is. Example: Write a paragraph giving the definition of “a pest”.The f

27、ollowing words can help you write a good definition paragraph: 1. is defined asA pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property.2. is a kind ofA pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property.Definition ParagraphWhen writiSequence Paragrap

28、hIn a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time.Sequence ParagraphIn a sequencOrderTimefirst, second, etc.recentlyin the beginningpreviouslybeforeafterwardsthenwhenafterafterfinallyat lastsubsequently

29、 OrderTimefirst, second, etc.reTimeShe was recently elected prime minister. She is the new prime minister. Previously, she worked as a lawyer in Toronto. She won the party leadership last year. Afterwards, she won the election. When she won the party leadership, she was still working as a lawyer. Af

30、ter winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats.TimeShe was recently elected pOrder In the beginning, you need to become a leader of a political party. Before becoming the prime minister, you need to become the leader of a political party. Then, you must w

31、in a seat in the House of Commons. After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats. Finally, after all these steps, you can call yourself the prime minister. At last, you can call yourself the prime minister. Subsequently, you must make sure you have a m

32、ajority of seats in the House of Commons. Order In the beginning, you neclassificationCoal is a kind of non-renewable resource. Energy resources can be divided into two types. Coal is a type of non-renewable resource. Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources. Coal belongs to the cate

33、gory of non-renewable resources. Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources. Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources. Coal is grouped with non-renewable resources. Coal is related to other non-renewable resources. Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources.cl

34、assificationCoal is a kind oExplanation ParagraphIn an explanation paragraph, you need to explain how or why something happens. Very often in social studies class, you will be asked to explore causes and effects of certain events.Explanation ParagraphIn an expCause People moved to Canada from Europe

35、 during the nineteenth century because they had poor living conditions in Europe. Since living conditions in Europe were terrible, many people moved to Canada. People moved to Canada from Europe as a result of poor living conditions in Europe. The large influx of people to Canada was due to economic

36、 pressures in Europe. Cause People moved to Canada fEffect Living conditions in Europe were terrible. Therefore, many people moved to Canada for a better life. Living conditions in Europe were terrible. Thus, many people moved to Canada for a better life. Living conditions were terrible in Europe. C

37、onsequently, many people moved to Canada. Living conditions were terrible in Europe. Hence, many people moved to Canada. Living conditions were terrible in Europe. It follows that many people moved to Canada. If living conditions were better in Europe, then fewer people would have moved to Canada. E

38、ffect Living conditions in EuCompare and Contrast ParagraphIn a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas.Compare and Contrast ParagraphSimilarities Spring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in

39、 Halifax. Both Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring. Halifax also has a rainy spring season. Halifax has a rainy spring season, too. As well, Halifax has rainy spring season. Similarities Spring weather inDifferences On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax. However, winter is mu

40、ch colder in Halifax. Vancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one. In contrast to Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter. Halifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter. While Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold winter. Differences On the other hand,Evaluation Paragraph

41、In an evaluation paragraph, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You need to make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. In the paragraph, you will state your evaluation or recommendation and then support it by referring to your criteria. Evaluation Para

42、graphIn an evalCriteria The use of pesticides such as DDT is bad for the environment. The belief that pesticides must be used is incorrect. The use of pesticides to control pests is immoral because it harms the environment. It is wrong to use pesticides because they harm the environment. The issue o

43、f pesticides is an important one because it affects the environment.Criteria The use of pesticidesRecommendation I suggest that pesticides should not be used to control pests. I recommend that pesticides should not be used because they are harmful to the environment. I would advise farmers not to us

44、e pesticides if possible. I would argue that pesticides should not be used because they harm the environment.Recommendation I suggest that Choice ParagraphIn a paragraph where you have to make a choice, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. Often, you will need to give yo

45、ur opinion on a choice of actions or events. Choice ParagraphIn a paragrapPoint of View In my opinion, hockey is more fun than lacrosse. My belief is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse. My idea is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse. My understanding is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse. I

46、think that I would prefer to play hockey and not lacrosse. I consider hockey to be more exciting than lacrosse. I believe hockey is more exciting than lacrosse. It seems to me that hockey is more exciting than lacrosse. I prefer hockey over lacrosse. Point of View In my opinion, hPersonal Opinions I

47、 like the sport of hockey because it is fast and exciting. I hope that I can play hockey in the future. I feel that hockey is my favorite sport. Personal Opinions I like the s3.1 What is coherence?Coherence refers to the unity created between the ideas, sentences, paragraphs and sections of a piece

48、of writing. 3. Paragraph Coherence3. Paragraph CoherenceOrganize information in a logical manner. Use appropriate transition words/phrases and conjunctions Use referents, words or phrases that stand for previously mentioned words/ideas (e.g., pronouns, restatements). 3.2 How can you create coherence

49、?Organize information in a logiUse consistent and appropriate verb tenses and time words. Use parallel structures to create balance and progression within your writing. 3.2 How can you create coherence?3.2 How can you create coherenExercise:Rearrange the following sentences into a coherent paragraph

50、1. They shot the six cabinet ministers at half past six in the morning against the wall of a hospital. 2. One of the ministers was sick with typhoid.3. There were wet dead leaves on the paving of the courtyard. 4. There were pools of water in the courtyard.5. All the shutters of the hospital were na

51、iled shut. 6. It rained hard.7. They tried to hold him up against the wall but he sat down in a puddle of water. 8. Two soldiers carried him downstairs and out into the rain. 9. The other five stood very quietly against the wall. 10. When they fired the first volley he was sitting in the water with

52、his head on his knees. 11. Finally the officer told the soldiers it was no good trying to make him stand up. Exercise:Rearrange the follow1. They shot the six cabinet ministers at half past six in the morning against the wall of a hospital. 4. There were pools of water in the courtyard.3. There were

53、 wet dead leaves on the paving of the courtyard. 6. It rained hard.5. All the shutters of the hospital were nailed shut. 2. One of the ministers was sick with typhoid.8. Two soldiers carried him downstairs and out into the rain.7. They tried to hold him up against the wall but he sat down in a puddl

54、e of water. 9. The other five stood very quietly against the wall. 11. Finally the officer told the soldiers it was no good trying to make him stand up. 10. When they fired the first volley he was sitting in the water with his head on his knees. 1. They shot the six cabinet mFill in the blanks with a proper transition from the list below: first second alsofor examplemoreoverhoweveron the other hand another reason is thatone reason is thatthe best choiceFill in the blanks with a propThere are three major airports near Washington, D.C., bu