考研考博-英语-上海外国语大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海外国语大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thetree,thebranches____arealmostbare,isaveryoldone.

问题1选项

A.ofwhich

B.inwhich

C.forwhich

D.withwhich

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.ofwhich属于什么的B.inwhich在什么里

C.forwhich为了什么的D.withwhich用什么

【答案】A

【考查点】从句的关系词

【解题思路】首先，从句的句意为“枝干几乎光秃秃的”，主句的句意为“这棵树是一棵很老的树”，主句部分句意完整，从句只是起补充信息的作用，并且从句前有逗号，因此，该从句为非限制性定语从句；其次，thebranches与thetree之间为所属关系，即枝干是属于树的一部分，应该使用表示所属关系的介词of。因此，A选项ofwhich满足要求。

【干扰项排除】

B选项inwhich，in表示位置；

C选项forwhich，for表示目的；

D选项withwhich，with表示方式或伴随。

【句意】枝干几乎已经秃了的那棵树，是一棵很老的树。

2.单选题

Thereare______approachestoEnglishteachingHutnotallofthemareequallyefficientforourChinesestudents.

问题1选项

A.originate

B.diverse

C.double

D.joint

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项originate“起源；创建”；B选项diverse“多种多样的”；C选项double“两倍的；成双的；双人的”；D选项joint“联合的”。句意：英语教学的方法______，但并不是所有的方法对我们的中国学生都同样有效。根据不是所有的方法都有效，可知有很多种方法，B选项diverse“多种多样的”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

3.单选题

Inthisfactory,suggestionsoftenhavetowaitformonthsbeforetheyarefully（）.

问题1选项

A.admitted

B.acknowledged

C.absorbed

D.considered

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A:admitted“承认”；B:acknowledged“鸣谢；承认”；C:absorbed“吸收”；D:considered“考虑”。句意：在这家工厂里，建议往往要等上几个月才能完全被采纳。根据语境可知D为正确答案。

4.单选题

Iamthankfultothecompanyforgivingmesuchachance,andIearnestlyhopethatIwill（）everyone’sexpectations.

问题1选项

A.boildownto

B.lookforwardto

C.liveupto

D.catchonto

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项boildownto“归结为”；B选项lookforwardto“期待”；C选项liveupto“不辜负，做到”；D选项catchonto“理解，突然了解”。句意：我非常感谢公司给我这样一个机会，并衷心希望我能_____大家的期望。考查了固定搭配liveuptoexpectation“不辜负……的期望”，这里表示“我能不辜负大家的期望”。因此C选项符合题意。

5.单选题

HispastaffectionforJane（）anynewrelationshipimpossibleforhim.

问题1选项

A.resented

B.rendered

C.repelled

D.resorted

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析题。resent厌恶，憎恨；render致使，提出；repel击退，抵制；resort求助，诉诸。句意：他过去对Jane的感情致使他无法开始一段新恋情。选项B符合句意。

6.填空题

Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingblank.Ifyouaddaword,putaninsertion(∧)inthecorrectplaceandwritethemissingwordintheblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutandbesuretoputaslash(/)intheblank.

Example:

Televisionisrapidlybecomingtheliteratureofourperiod.

1._time_

Manyoftheargumentshavingusedforthestudyofliteratureasa

2.__/___

schoolsubjectarevalidfor∧studyoftelevision.

3._the__

Peoplewhosellgoodsandservicesoverthetelephoneare

calledtelemarketers.India,thePhilippines,ChinaandSouthAfrica

areamongcountrieswhiletelemarketingisagrowingindustry.Others,

1.______

suchasMauritius,wanttoenterintothebusiness.Thisshouldnotbe

2.______

difficultforcountriesofthetechnologyandinterests.Manyinternational

3.______

companieshavestartedtomovetheircallcenterjobstonationswhere

thewagesarehigher.Peoplemayhavenoideaifacallcenterworkeris

4.______

ontheothersideoftheworld.

Mostcallcentersareusednotonlyfortelemarketing.Workersalso

helpcustomers.Theycollectinformationwithcompanies.Infact,India’s

5.______

callcenterindustryhasdescribedas“thebackofficeoftheworld.”

6.______

AboutseventycompaniestheredotelemarketingforAmericanbusinesses.

Someexpertsestimatethatmorethan250,000telemarketingjobshave

alreadymovedoutoftheUnitedStates.Theseandotherjobsinthe

servicesindustryareexpectedtocontinuetoleaveofthecountry.

7.______

Thisamountcouldincreasedependingonhowalegalbattleovera

National“donotcall”listissettled.Morethanfifty-millionAmericanshave

signedontoanewgovernmentlisttopreventphonecallsfrom

telemarketers.Thesecallsofteninterferewithfamilytimesordinner.President

8.______

Bushsupportsthedo-not-calllist,thattookeffectthismonth.Telemarketers

9.______

couldfacelargefinesforviolations,thoughsomekindsofcallsarestill

permitted.Theindustrysaysthelistviolatestherightoffreespeech.Inaddition,

10.______

lawmakerswhorepresentareaswithcallcentersworryaboutthelossofjobs.

ThefearisthatmoreAmericancallcenterswillcloseormoveoverseasifthe

listisenforced.

【答案】1.while→where

2.into→/

3.of→with

4.higher→lower

5.with→for

6.has∧→been

7.of→/

8.times→time

9.that→which

10.of→to

【解析】1.考查关系代词的使用。由关键词countries“国家”可知，这里的先行词是指地点，所以应该用表示地点的关系代词where。

2.考查动词用法。enter在句子中表示“进入”，为及物动词，后面不需要跟介词into，所以把into去掉。

3.考查介词用法。of表示“……的”；根据句子Thisshouldnotbedifficultforcountriesofthetechnologyandinterests可知，句意为：这对拥有技术和利益的国家来说应该不难。所以该句应该用表达“有”的介词with。

4.考查形容词用法。根据句子Manyinternationalcompanieshavestartedtomovetheircallcenterjobstonationswherethewagesarehigher并结合上文可知句意为：许多跨国公司已经开始将他们的呼叫中心工作转移到工资更低的国家。higher表示“更高的”，所以这里应该改为lower，表示“更低的”。

5.考查介词用法。根据句子Theycollectinformationwithcompanies可知，句意为：他们为公司收集信息。而with表示“和，有”的意思，所以应该把with改为for，表示“为了”。

6.考查语态。根据句子India’scallcenterindustryhasdescribedas“thebackofficeoftheworld.”可知，句意为：印度的呼叫中心行业被称为“世界的后台办公室”。callcenterindustry和described之间是被动的语态，所以应该在has后面跟been表示现在完成时的被动语态。

7.考查介词的使用。leave是及物动词，表示“离开”，后面不需要跟介词，所以应该将of去掉。

8.考查名词的使用。times表示“倍数”，文中指的是“家庭时间”，应该使用time，表示“时间”。

9.考查非限制性定语从句。根据list后面的逗号可知，这里是一个非限制性定语从句，而that不可以引导非限制性定语从句，所以只能用关系代词which。

10.考查固定搭配。righttosth.固定搭配，表示“……的权利”，所以这里应该将介词of改为to。

7.单选题

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

AnglicanArchbishopRowanWilliamssetoffaninternationalfirestormonFebruary7,2008bysuggestingthatsome“accommodation”ofMuslimfamilylawwas“unavoidable”inEngland.Hissuggestion,thoughcarefullyqualified,promptedmorethan250articlesintheworldpresswithinamonth,thevastmajoritydenouncingit.England,hiscriticscharged,willbebesetby“licensedpolygamy,”barbaricprocedures,andbrutalviolenceagainstwomenencasedinsuffocatingburkas(穆斯林妇女穿的长袍).CriticsproclaimedthatMuslimcitizensofaWesterndemocracywillbesubjecttolegallyghettoizedMuslimcourtsimmunefromcivilappealorconstitutionalchallenge.ConsiderNigeria,Pakistan,andotherformerEnglishcoloniesthathavesoughttobalanceMuslimShari’a(伊斯兰教法)withthecommonlaw,othercriticsadded.Thehorrificexcessesandchronichumanrightsviolationsoftheirreligiouscourts—evenorderingthefaithfultostoneinnocentrapevictimsfordishonoringtheirfamilies—provethatreligiouslawsandstatelawsonthefamilysimplycannotcoexist.Caseclosed.

Thiscasewon’tstayclosedforlong,however.TheArchbishopwasnotcallingfortheestablishmentofindependentMuslimcourtsinEngland,letalonetheenforcementofShari’abyEnglishcourts.Hewas,instead,raisingawholeseriesofhardbut“unavoidable”questionsaboutmarital,cultural,andreligiousidentityandpracticeinWesterndemocraticsocietiescommittedtohumanrightsforall.Whatformsofmarriageshouldcitizensbeabletochoose,andwhatforumsofreligiousmarriagelawshouldstategovernmentsberequiredtorespect?HowshouldMuslimsandotherreligiousminoritieswithdistinctivefamilynormsandculturalpracticesbeaccommodatedinasocietydedicatedtoreligiouslibertyandself-determination,andtoreligiousequalityandnon-discrimination?Arelegalpluralismandeven“personalfederalism”necessarytoprotectMuslimsandotherreligiousbelieverswhoareconscientiouslyopposedtotheliberalvaluesthatinformmodernstatelawsonsex,marriage,andfamily?IseveryconstitutionalaccommodationofMuslimfamilylawandShari’acourtsadangerousstepontheslipperyslopetowardempoweringthatfaith,someofwhoseleaderssubverttheverydemocraticandhumanrightsvaluesthatnowofferthemprotection?Theseandotherhardquestionsarebecoming“un¬avoidable”formanymodernWesterndemocracieswithgrowinganddiverseMuslimcommunities,eachmakingnewandeverlouderdemands.IfcurrentgrowthratesofMuslimcommunitiesintheWestcontinue,agenerationfromnowtheDanishcartoon“crisis”isgoingtoseemlikechild’splay.

75.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

76.Theauthorthinksthatthe“casewon’tstayclosedforlong”becausetheArchbishop___.

77.WhichofthefollowingquestionsdoestheauthorNOTaskinthesecondparagraph?

78.Thequestionsraisedbytheauthorarebecoming“unavoidable”formanymodernWesterndemocraciesNOTbecause____.

问题1选项

A.ArchbishopRowanWilliamssetsaninternationalfirestorm

B.CriticstoArchbishopRowanWilliams’suggestion

C.EnglandcannotacceptMuslimfamilylaw

D.Religiouslawsandstatelawsonthefamilysimplycannotcoexist

问题2选项

A.wasraisingfundamentalquestionsofhumanrightsforall

B.wasnotcallingfortheestablishmentofindependentMuslimcourtsinEngland

C.wasnotcallingforenforcementofShari’abyEnglishcourts

D.raisedquestionsrelatingtomarital,cultural,andreligiousidentity

问题3选项

A.Cancitizenschoosetheirmarriageforms?

B.ShouldMuslimsandotherreligiousbelieversbeprotectedbylegalpluralism?

C.Whatforumsofreligiousmarriagelawshouldstategovernmentsrespect?

D.IsconstitutionalaccommodationofMuslimfamilylawandShari’acourtsadangerousstep?

问题4选项

A.theMuslimcommunitiesaregrowinganddiverse

B.eachoftheMuslimcommunitiesismakingnewandeverlouderdemands

C.theDanishcartoon“crisis”isgoingtoseemlikechild’splay

D.thegrowthratesofMuslimcommunitiesintheWestcontinue

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】75.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据题干定位到原文第一段中心句AnglicanArchbishopRowanWilliamssetoffaninternationalfirestorm1onFebruary7,2008bysuggestingthatsome“accommodation”ofMuslimfamilylawwas“unavoidable”inEngland.（2008年2月7日，英国圣公会(Anglican)大主教罗文•威廉姆斯(RowanWilliams)提出，在英国“不可避免”地“迁就”穆斯林家庭法，这引发了一场国际风暴）可知第一段的最佳主题是A选项“大主教罗文•威廉姆斯引发了一场国际风暴”；B选项“大主教罗文•威廉姆斯的建议遭到了批评”，C选项“英国不能接受穆斯林家庭法”以及D选项“关于家庭的宗教法律和州法律根本不能共存”只是第一段的片面内容，都是解释说明“大主教罗文•威廉姆斯引发了一场国际风暴”的具体内容，只有A选项足以概括第一段内容。因此A选项正确。

76.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Thiscasewon’tstayclosedforlong…Hewas,instead,raisingawholeseriesofhardbut“unavoidable”questionsaboutmarital,cultural,andreligiousidentityandpracticeinWesterndemocraticsocietiescommittedtohumanrightsforall.（这个案子不会结案太久……相反，他（指前一句所提到的TheArchbishop“大主教”）提出了一系列关于婚姻、文化和宗教认同以及西方民主社会中致力于人人享有人权的做法的艰难但“不可避免”的问题）可知选A选项“提出了所有人的基本人权问题”；D选项“提出有关婚姻、文化和宗教身份的问题”和原文有偏差，没有A选项概括的那么全面；根据原文B选项“没有呼吁在英国建立独立的穆斯林法庭”和C选项“不是呼吁英国法庭执行伊斯兰教法”并没有回答为什么“案件不会持续很长时间”这一问题，排除。因此A选项正确。

77.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段Arelegalpluralismandeven“personalfederalism”necessarytoprotectMuslimsandotherreligiousbelieverswhoareconscientiouslyopposedtotheliberalvaluesthatinformmodernstatelawsonsex,marriage,andfamily?（法律多元主义甚至“个人联邦制”是否有必要保护穆斯林和那些自觉反对为现代州性、婚姻和家庭法律提供信息的自由价值观的其他宗教信仰者们？）可知B选项“穆斯林和其他宗教信徒应该受到法律多元化的保护吗？”和原文有偏差，原文对于“其他宗教信徒”有“自觉反对为现代州性、婚姻和家庭法律提供信息的自由价值观”这一限定，而B选项范围过大；第二段Whatformsofmarriageshouldcitizensbeabletochoose,andwhatforumsofreligiousmarriagelawshouldstategovernmentsberequiredtorespect?（公民应该选择什么样的婚姻形式，州政府应该尊重什么样的宗教婚姻法论坛？）对应A选项“公民可以选择自己的婚姻形式吗？”和C选项“国家政府应该尊重哪些宗教婚姻法论坛？”；第二段IseveryconstitutionalaccommodationofMuslimfamilylawandShari’acourtsadangerousstepontheslipperyslopetowardempoweringthatfaith,someofwhoseleaderssubverttheverydemocraticandhumanrightsvaluesthatnowofferthemprotection?（宪法对穆斯林家庭法和伊斯兰法庭的每一个通融是否都是朝着赋予这种信仰权力的方向迈出的危险的一步，他们的一些领导人颠覆了现在为他们提供保护的非常民主和人权的价值观？）对应D选项“宪法对穆斯林家庭法和伊斯兰教法的适应是危险的一步吗?”。因此B选项符合题意。

78.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段末尾Theseandotherhardquestionsarebecoming“un-avoidable”formanymodernWesterndemocracieswithgrowinganddiverseMuslimcommunities,eachmakingnewandeverlouderdemands.IfcurrentgrowthratesofMuslimcommunitiesintheWestcontinue,agenerationfromnowtheDanishcartoon“crisis”isgoingtoseemlikechild’splay.（随着穆斯林群体的不断壮大和多样化，每个人都提出了越来越强烈的新要求，对于许多现代西方民主国家来说，这些和其他棘手的问题正变得“无法避免”。如果西方穆斯林社区目前的增长速度继续下去，那么从现在开始的一代人看来，丹麦漫画《危机》将像儿戏）可知A选项“穆斯林社区正在成长和多样化”，B选项“每一个穆斯林社区都在提出新的、更响亮的要求”以及D选项“穆斯林社区在西方继续增长”都是导致作者提出的问题对许多现代西方民主国家来说正变得“不可避免”的原因，而C选项“丹麦漫画《危机》看起来就像儿戏”是这些问题会导致的结果。因此C选项符合题意。

8.单选题

“IsGeorgereallyleavingtheuniversity?”

“Yes,butwouldyoumind______toanyone?”

问题1选项

A.nottomentionit

B.notmentionit

C.notmentioningit

D.nottomentioningit

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。动词mind后面要求跟动名词，构成minddoingsomething“介意做某事”。否定句式为wouldyoumindnotdoingsth“请你不要做……好吗？”。句意：“乔治真的要退学了吗?”“是的，但你能不能别告诉别人?”。因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Inthenextfewyearsmajorchangeswillbe（

）inChina’sindustries.

问题1选项

A.broughtforward

B.broughtabout

C.broughton

D.broughtup

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项broughtforward“提议”；B选项broughtabout“导致；使掉头；发生”；C选项broughton“导致，引起”；D选项broughtup“提出，抚养”。句意：在接下来的几年，主要的变化将（）在中国的工业。这里结合选项，空格处应该填发生，所以答案选B。

10.单选题

Thebasiccausesareunknown,althoughcertainconditionsthatmayleadtocancerhavebeen（）.

问题1选项

A.identified

B.guaranteed

C.notified

D.conveyed

【答案】A

【解析】句意:尽管某些可能导致癌症的情况已经被证实，但是根本原因还不知道。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。identify识别；辨认；认出；guarantee保证；担保；notify通知；convey传达；运送。因此A项符合句意。

11.单选题

Atmidnight,hedrovethroughstreets（

）oftraffic.

问题1选项

A.empty

B.lacking

C.lack

D.crowded

【答案】A

【解析】词组辨析。emptyof“无，没有”；lackof“缺乏”；crowdedwith“拥挤，挤满……”。句意：午夜时分，他开车穿过空无一人的街道。因此选项A符合题意。

12.单选题

TheChairmanwasevidently（）byJim’swordsandglaredathimforafewseconds.

问题1选项

A.putdown

B.putacross

C.putaway

D.putout

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项putdown“记下，写下，镇压”；B选项putacross“圆满完成；使被接受；解释清楚”；C选项putaway“收起来，放好，储存，打消”；D选项putout“熄灭；伸出；使不高兴/愤怒/不安”。句意：这位主席很显然被Jim的话给激怒了，瞪了他几秒钟。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

Therearemanywhobelievethattheuseofforce（）politicalendscanneverbejustified.

问题1选项

A.insearchof

B.inpursuitof

C.inviewof

D.inlightof

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项insearchof“寻找”，例句：Thebirdsflysouthinsearchofwintersun．（鸟群南飞寻觅冬天的阳光。）；B选项inpursuitof“追求”，例句：Whatwewantistoseethechildinpursuitofknowledge，andnotknowledgeinpursuitofthechild．（我们想要看到的是孩子追求知识，而不是知识追求孩子。）；C选项inviewof“鉴于，由于”，例句：Inviewoftheabove-mentionedfacts,wewishtomakethefollowingproposals.（鉴于上述情况，我们提出以下建议。）；D选项inlightof“根据”，例句：Inlightofqualityoftoneisconcerned，thisradiosetisquiteuptothestandard．（就音质而言，这台收音机已经很合乎标准了。）。句意：有很多人认为政治上武力使用停止是不合理的。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。

14.单选题

Heusescolor,lightandformquitedifferentlyfromtheconventionalstyleofhis（

）

.

问题1选项

A.descendants

B.predecessors

C.successors

D.ancestors

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项descendant“子孙，后裔”；B选项predecessor“前任，前辈”；C选项successor“后继者，继承人”；D选项ancestor“祖宗，祖先”，分析空格前后的句子成分，是一个所有格短语，充当介词from的宾语，意思可以理解为“前辈的传统表达方式”，句意为：他在色彩、光线和形式方面，做法完全不同于他前辈的传统方式。故正确答案选B。

15.单选题

Ateverystageofearlydevelopment,humanbabieslagbehindinfantsfromotherspecies.Akittencanambleacrossaroomwithinmomentsofbirthandcatchitsfirstmousewithinweeks,whileitswide-eyedhumancounterparttakesmonthstomakeherfirststep,andyearstolearnevensimpletasks,suchashowtotieashoelaceorskiparope,letaloneprepareathree-coursemeal.Yet,inthecognitiverace,humanbabiesturnouttobemuchlikethetortoiseinAesop’sfable:emergingtriumphantafteraslowandsteadyclimbtothefinish.Asadults,wedrivefancysportscars,leapnimblyacrossfootballfieldsandballetstages,writelengthydissertationsoneveryconceivablesubject,andlaunchrocketsintospace.Wehaveamasteryoverourselvesandourenvironmentsthatispeculiartoourspecies.

Yet,thisvictoryseemspuzzling.Inthefable,thetortoisewinstheracebecausetheharetakesanap.But,ifanything,humaninfantsnapevenmorethankittens!Andunlikethenobletortoise,babiesarehelpless,andmoretothepoint,hopeless.Theycouldnotlearnthebasicskillsnecessarytotheirindependentsurvivaleveniftheytried.Howdohumanbabiesmangetoturnthingsaroundintheend?

InarecentarticleinCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience,SharonThompson-Schill,MichaelRamscarandEvangeliaChrysikoumakethecasethatthisveryhelplessnessiswhatallowshumanbabiestoadvancefarbeyondotheranimals.Theyproposethatourdelayedcorticaldevelopmentispreciselywhatenablesustoacquiretheculturalbuildingblocks,suchaslanguage,thatmakeupthefoundationsofhumanachievement.Indeed,thetriomakesclearthatourearlyvulnerabilityisanevolutionary“engineeringtrade-off”,muchlikethehumanlarynx—which,whileitfacilitatestheintricateproductionsofhumanspeech,isactuallyquiteaprecariousadaptationforanyonetryingtoswallowsafely.Inthesameway,theysuggest,ourabilitytolearnlanguagecomesatthepriceofanextendedperiodofcognitiveimmaturity.

Thisclaimhingesonapeculiaranduniquefeatureofourcognitivearchitecture:thestunninglyslowdevelopmentoftheprefrontalcortex(PFC).Whileotheranimals’brainregionsdevelopmentinsynchrony,inhumans,thedevelopmentofthePFClagsfarbehindthatofotherareas.ThePFCistheswathofgraymatterthatmakesuptheanteriorfrontallobes,andfunctionally,itappearstobeheavilyimplicatedinawide-rangeofsophisticatedplanningandattentiondrivenbehaviors.Indeed,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“control”centerofthebrain.Oneofitsmainfunctionsappearstobethatofselectivelyfilteringinformationfromthesenses,allowingustoattendtospecificactions,goals,ortasks.Forthisreason,“cognitivecontrol”tasksarethoughttobeoneofthebestassessorsofPFCfunctionandmaturity,andtheyareteststhatyoungchildrenreliably,andignominiously,fail.

TheStrooptaskservesasasimpleassessorofPFCfunctioninadults.Thetaskinvolvesnamingtheinkcolorofacontrastingcolorword:forexample,youmightseetheword“red”writteningreenink,inwhichcaseyouhavetosay“green”.Thetask(saying“red”inresponsetoseeingthewordred)withanewresponsespecifictothetask(namingtheconflictinginkcolor).Trickyornot,healthyadultscansuccessfullycompetethetaskwithonlyminorhesitation.

Children,withtheirimmaturePFC’s,areadifferentstory.Typically,theyoungerchildrenare,theworsetheyareatsolvingStroop—liketasks,andundertheageoffour,theyoutrightfailthem.Whileyoungchildrenaresensitive,aptlearners,andoftenappeartofullyunderstandwhatisbeingaskedofthem,theyareunabletomediatetheconflictingdemandspresentinthesesortsoftasks,andthusfailthem,timeandtimeagain.Three-yearoldssimplycannotdirecthowtheyattendtoorrespondtotheworld.

31.WhydoestheauthorcomparehumanbabiestothetortoiseinAesop’sfable?

32.Whyarehumanbabies“helpless”accordingtothetext?

33.WhatisthepurposeofmentioninghumanlarynxinParagraph3?

34.Whatisthefunctionoftheprefrontalcortex(PFC)?

35.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthe“Strooptask”？

问题1选项

A.Theyhaveamasteryoverthemselves.

B.Theylagbehindatbeginningandthenslowlycatchup.

C.Theyaresuperiortoinfantsfromotherspecies.

D.Theyarequiteslowincognitivedevelopment.

问题2选项

A.Theydon’thavethebasicskillsnecessaryforsurvival.

B.Theynapmoreoftenthaninfantsofotherspecies.

C.Theyarenotsopersistentasthetortoise.

D.Theyarenotquicklearnersasinfantsofotherspecies.

问题3选项

A.Toshowthepeculiarfunctionofhumanlarynx.

B.Toemphasizetheimportanceofhumanlanguage.

C.Toexplainthereasonsforourearlycognitiveimmaturity.

D.Toindicatehowhumandevelopspeeches.

问题4选项

A.Tocollectinformationfromthesenses.

B.Tohelpperformsophisticatedplanningandattention-drivenbehaviors.

C.Tocontrolthedevelopmentofotherareasofthebrain.

D.Toenablehumanbeingstocarryoutadvancetasks.

问题5选项

A.Childrenwouldfailsuchtaskduetotheirinabilitytounderstandthetaskrequirements.

B.ThetaskisoftenusedtoassessthematurityofPF

C.C.Thetaskrequiresthesubjectstomakeresponsescontradictorytothewell-learnedones.

D.Adultscouldcompletethetasksuccessfullywithonlylittlehesitation.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】31.推理判断题。根据第一段第三句Yet,inthecognitiverace,humanbabiesturnouttobemuchlikethetortoiseinAesop’sfable:emergingtriumphantafteraslowandsteadyclimbtothefinish.（然而，在认知方面，人类婴儿很像伊索寓言中的乌龟：缓慢而稳定地爬到终点后，胜利出现。），可知人类婴儿和乌龟的相似在于慢慢走，最终却能胜利，所以B选项“他们一开始落后，然后慢慢地赶上来了”正确，D选项“他们的认知发展相当缓慢”不是表达的重点，故错误。A选项“他们能掌控自己”和C选项“他们优于其他物种的婴儿”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

32.推理判断题。根据第二段第四、五句Andunlikethenobletortoise,babiesarehelpless,andmoretothepoint,hopeless.Theycouldnotlearnthebasicskillsnecessarytotheirindependentsurvivaleveniftheytried.（和高贵的乌龟不同，婴儿是无助的，更确切地说，是绝望的。即使他们尝试，他们也学不到独立生存所必需的基本技能。），可知人类婴儿无助是因为A选项“他们没有生存所需的基本技能”。B选项“他们比其他物种的婴儿更经常打盹”：根据第二段第三句But,ifanything,humaninfantsnapevenmorethankittens!（但是，如果说有什么不同的话，那就是人类的婴儿比小猫更喜欢打盹！），这里是说人和猫的不同，而不是解释为什么人类婴儿无助，故错误。C选项“他们不像乌龟那样固执”和D选项“他们不像其他物种的婴儿一样快速学习”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。

33.推理判断题。根据第三段ourdelayedcorticaldevelopmentispreciselywhatenablesustoacquiretheculturalbuildingblocks,suchaslanguage…Indeed,thetriomakesclearthatourearlyvulnerabilityisanevolutionary“engineeringtrade-off”,muchlikethehumanlarynx—which,whileitfacilitatestheintricateproductionsofhumanspeech,isactuallyquiteaprecariousadaptationforanyonetryingtoswallowsafely.Inthesameway,theysuggest,ourabilitytolearnlanguagecomesatthepriceofanextendedperiodofcognitiveimmaturity.（我们大脑皮层发育迟缓恰恰是我们获得文化基础的原因，比如语言……的确，这三人清楚地表明，我们早期的脆弱是一种进化上的“工程权衡”，就像人类的喉头一样——虽然喉头有助于人类复杂的语言表达，但对于任何想要安全吞下食物的人来说，它实际上是一种相当不稳定的适应。同样，他们认为，我们学习语言的能力是以长期认知不成熟为代价的。），这里举喉头的例子表明长期认知不成熟是为了获得文化，所以C选项“解释我们早期认知不成熟的原因”正确。A选项“为了显示人类喉部的特殊功能”，B选项“强调人类语言的重要性”和D选项“表明人类如何发展语言”：不是表达的重点，故错误。因此C选项正确。

34.事实细节题。根据第四段ThePFC…functionally,itappearstobeheavilyimplicatedinawide-rangeofsophisticatedplanningandattentiondrivenbehaviors.Indeed,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“control”centerofthebrain.Oneofitsmainfunctionsappearstobethatofselectivelyfilteringinformationfromthesenses,allowingustoattendtospecificactions,goals,ortasks.（PFC……在功能上似乎与一系列复杂的计划和注意力驱动的行为密切相关。事实上，它经常被称为大脑的“控制”中心。它的主要功能之一似乎是有选择地过滤来自感官的信息，让我们专注于特定的行动、目标或任务。），可知PFC的功能是B选项“帮助执行复杂的计划和注意力驱动的行为”，同时PFC过滤来自感官的信息，故A选项“从感官收集信息”错误。C选项“控制大脑其他区域的发展”和D选项“使人类能够执行高级任务”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

35.推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句Trickyornot,healthyadultscansuccessfullycompetethetaskwithonlyminorhesitation.（不管棘手与否，健康的成年人只要稍有犹豫就能成功完成这项任务。），可知成年人完成任务时有犹豫的情况，所以D选项“成年人可以毫不犹豫地完成任务”正确。根据第六段第二句Typically,theyoungerchildrenare,theworsetheyareatsolvingStroop—liketasks,andundertheageoffour,theyoutrightfailthem.（通常情况下，年龄越小的孩子，在完成Stroop任务方面表现得越差，而不到四岁的孩子，就会彻底失败。）和最后一句Three-yearoldssimplycannotdirecthowtheyattendtoorrespondtotheworld.（根本无法指导三岁的孩子如何注意或回应这个世界。），所以孩子会因为不能理解题目而不能完成测试，A选项“孩子会因为无法理解任务要求而失败”符合文章意思，故错误。根据第四段最后一句“cognitivecontrol”tasksarethoughttobeoneofthebestassessorsofPFCfunctionandmaturity（“认知控制”任务被认为是评估PFC功能和成熟度的最佳指标之一）和第五段第一句TheStrooptaskservesasasimpleassessorofPFCfunctioninadults.（Stroop任务是一个简单的评估成年人的PFC功能的任务。），可知Stroop任务用来评估PFC的成熟度，B选项“这个任务经常被用来评估PFC的成熟度”符合文章意思，故错误。根据第五段第二句Thetaskinvolvesnamingtheinkcolorofacontrastingcolorword:forexample,youmightseetheword“red”writteningreenink,inwhichcaseyouhavetosay“green”.（这项任务包括说出一个对比色单词的墨水颜色：例如，你可能会看到单词“红”是用绿色墨水写的，在这种情况下，你必须说“绿”），可知在这个测试中，受试者必须说颜色而不是单词，C选项“这个任务要求受试者做出与有知识的人相反的反应”符合文章意思，故错误。因此D选项正确。

16.单选题

Youcan（

）thevideocameraonatripod（三脚架），sothatyoudon'thavetoworryaboutholdingitsteadywhileyouaskquestions.

问题1选项

A.withstand

B.fix

C.plant

D.dwell

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析题。withstand抵抗，反抗；fix固定；plant种植，培养；dwell居住，存在于。

句意：你可以将摄像机固定在三脚架上，这样当你提问的时候就不用担心需要稳稳的抓住它了。选项B符合句意。

17.单选题

Thereisnothinglikethesuggestionofacancerrisktoscareaparent,especiallyoneoftheover-educated,eco-conscioustypes.SoyoucanimaginethereactionwhenarecentUSATodayinvestigationofairqualityaroundthecanon’sschoolssingledoutthoseinthesmuglygreenvillageofBerkeley,Calif,asbeingamongtheworstinthecountry.Thecity’spublichighschool,aswellasanumberofdaycarecenter,preschools,elementaryandmiddleschools,fellinthelowest10%.Industrialpollutioninourtownhadsupposedlyturnedstudentsintolivingscienceexperimentbreathinginalaboratory’sworthofheavymetalslikemanganese,chromiumandnickeleachday.Thisisinacitythatrequiresschoolcafeteriastoserveorganicmeals.Great,Ithought,organiclunch,toxiccampus.

SinceDecember,whenthereportcameout,themayor,neighborhoodactivistsandvariousparent-teacherassociationshaveengagedinafiercebattleoveritsvalidity,overtheguiltofthesteed-castingfactoryonthewesternedgeoftown,overunionjobsversuschildren’shealthandoverwhat,ifanything,oughttobedone.Withallsidespresentingtheirownexpertsarmedwithconflictingscientificstudies,whomshouldparentsbelieve?Istheretrulyathreathere?Weasksoneanotheraswedroppedoffourkids,andifso,howgreatitis?Andhowdoesitcomparewiththeother,seeminglyperpetualhealthscaresweconfront,likepanicoverleadinsyntheticathleticfields?Ratherthanjustanotherweirdepisodeinthetownthatbroughtyouprotestingenvironmentalists,thislatestdramaisatrialforhowtoday’sparentsperceiverisk,howwetrytokeepourkidssafewhetherit’spossibletokeepthemsafeinwhatfeelslikeanincreasinglythreateningworld.Itraisesthequestionofwhat,inourtime,“safe”couldevenmean.

“There’snowayaroundtheuncertainty”，saysKimberlyThompson,presidentofKidRisk,anonprofitgroupthatstudieschildren’shealth.“Thatmeansyourchoicescanmatter,butitalsomeansyouaren’tgoingtoknowiftheydo.”A2004reportinthejournalPediatricsexplainedthatnervousparentshavemoretofearfromfire,caraccidentsanddrowningthanfromtoxicchemicalexposure.TowhichIsay:Well,obviously.Butsuchconcretehazardsarebesidethepoint.It'sthedangersparentscan’tandmay