2023版高考化学微专题小练习专练28热化学方程式的书写及正误判断

欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助！/r/n欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助！/r/n欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助！/r/n欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助！/r/n欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助！/r/n欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能对您有所帮助！/r/n专练28热化学方程式的书写及正误判断/r/n1．运载火箭以液氢为燃烧剂，液氧为氧化剂。已知：/r/nⅠ/r/n.H/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=H/r/n2/r/n(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－0.92kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nⅡ/r/n.O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=O/r/n2/r/n(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－6.84kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n下列说法正确的是()/r/nA.氢气的燃烧热Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－241.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nB.火箭中液氢燃烧的热化学方程式为/r/n2H/r/n2/r/n(l)＋O/r/n2/r/n(l)/r/n=2H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－474.92kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nC.2molH/r/n2/r/n(g)与1molO/r/n2/r/n(g)所具有的总能量比2molH/r/n2/r/nO(g)所具有的总能量低/r/nD.H/r/n2/r/nO(g)变成H/r/n2/r/nO(l)的过程中，断键吸收的能量小于成键放出的能量/r/n2．/r/n[2022·内蒙古呼和浩特月考]/r/n下列有关反应热的说法错误的是()/r/nA.石墨的稳定性比金刚石高/r/nB.Δ/r/nH/r/n5/r/n>Δ/r/nH/r/n4/r/nC.C(石墨，s)＋CO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=2CO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－110.5kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nD.1mol石墨或1molCO分别完全燃烧，石墨放出的热量多/r/n3．/r/n[2022·安徽皖南八校联考]/r/n甲烷燃烧时的能量变化如图，有关说法正确的是()/r/nA.图甲中反应为CH/r/n4/r/n(g)＋2O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO/r/n2/r/n(g)＋2H/r/n2/r/nO(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝＋890.3kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nB.图乙中反应为CH/r/n4/r/n(g)＋/r/neq\f(3,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO(g)＋2H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－607.3kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nC.由图可以推得：CO(g)＋/r/neq\f(1,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－283kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nD.由图可以推知：等物质的量的CO/r/n2/r/n和CO，CO/r/n2/r/n具有的能量高/r/n4．/r/n[2022·湖南辰溪县博雅中学月考]/r/n下列热化学方程式书写正确的是(Δ/r/nH/r/n的绝对值均正确)()/r/nA.C/r/n2/r/nH/r/n5/r/nOH(l)＋3O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=2CO/r/n2/r/n(g)＋3H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－1367.0kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n(燃烧/r/n热)/r/nB.NaOH(aq)＋HCl(aq)/r/n=NaCl(aq)＋H/r/n2/r/nO(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝＋57.3kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n(中和热)/r/nC.S(s)＋O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=SO/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－296.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n(反应热)/r/nD.2NO/r/n2/r/n=O/r/n2/r/n＋2NOΔ/r/nH/r/n＝＋116.2kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n(反应热)/r/n5．/r/n[2022·山东枣庄质检]/r/n已知：C(s)＋/r/neq\f(1,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－110.4kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，氧化亚铜与氧气反应的能量变化如图所示。/r/n下列叙述正确的是()/r/nA.1molC(s)完全燃烧的反应热大于－110.4kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nB.CuO分解生成Cu/r/n2/r/nO的反应为放热反应/r/nC.由图可知在隔绝空气的条件下CuO的热稳定性比Cu/r/n2/r/nO差/r/nD.足量炭粉与CuO反应生成Cu/r/n2/r/nO的热化学方/r/n程式为/r/nC(s)＋2CuO(s)/r/n=Cu/r/n2/r/nO(s)＋CO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝＋35.6kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n6．/r/n[2022·牡丹江一中高三月考]/r/n一些烷烃的燃烧热如下表：/r/n化合物/r/n燃烧热/(kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n)/r/n化合物/r/n燃烧热/(kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n)/r/n甲烷/r/n890.3/r/n正丁烷/r/n2878.0/r/n乙烷/r/n1560.8/r/n异丁烷/r/n2869.6/r/n丙烷/r/n2221.5/r/n2­甲基丁烷/r/n3531.3/r/n下列表达正确的是()/r/nA．乙烷燃烧的热化学方程式为/r/n2C/r/n2/r/nH/r/n6/r/n(g)＋7O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=4CO/r/n2/r/n(g)＋6H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－1560.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nB.稳定性：正丁烷>异丁烷/r/nC．正戊烷的燃烧热大于3531.3kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nD．相同质量的烷烃，碳的质量分数越大，燃/r/n烧放出的热量越多/r/n7．/r/n[2022·全国百强校宁夏育才中学月考]/r/n下列有关热化学方程式的叙述中，正确的是()/r/nA．含20.0gNaOH的稀溶液与足量的稀硫酸完全中和，放出28.7kJ的热量，则表示中和热的热化学方程式为/r/n2NaOH(aq)＋H/r/n2/r/nSO/r/n4/r/n(aq)/r/n=Na/r/n2/r/nSO/r/n4/r/n(aq)＋2H/r/n2/r/nO(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－114.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nB．已知热化学方程式：SO/r/n2/r/n(g)＋/r/neq\f(1,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n⇌/r/nSO/r/n3/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－98.32kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，在容器中充入2molSO/r/n2/r/n和1molO/r/n2/r/n充分反应，最终放出的热量为196.64kJ/r/nC．已知2H/r/n2/r/n(g)＋O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=2H/r/n2/r/nO(g)/r/nΔ/r/nH/r/n＝－483.6kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，则H/r/n2/r/n的燃烧热为241.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/nD．已知石墨转化为金刚石吸热，那么石墨比金刚石稳定/r/n8．肼(N/r/n2/r/nH/r/n4/r/n)在不同条件下分解产物不同，200/r/n℃/r/n时在Cu表面分解的机理如图1。已知200/r/n℃/r/n时反应/r/nⅠ/r/n：3N/r/n2/r/nH/r/n4/r/n(g)/r/n=N/r/n2/r/n(g)＋4NH/r/n3/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n＝－32.9kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，反应/r/nⅡ/r/n：N/r/n2/r/nH/r/n4/r/n(g)＋H/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=2NH/r/n3/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n2/r/n＝－41.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n。/r/n下列说法不正确的是()/r/nA．图1所示过程/r/n①/r/n、/r/n②/r/n都是放热反应/r/nB．反应/r/nⅡ/r/n的能量变化示意图如图2所示/r/nC．/r/n断开/r/n3molN/r/n2/r/nH/r/n4/r/n(g)中的化学键吸收的能量小于形成1molN/r/n2/r/n(g)和4molNH/r/n3/r/n(g)中的化学键释放的能量/r/nD．200/r/n℃/r/n时，肼分解生成氮气和氢气的热化学方程式为：N/r/n2/r/nH/r/n4/r/n(g)/r/n=N/r/n2/r/n(g)＋2H/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝＋50.7kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n9．我国利用合成气直接制烯烃获重大突破，其原理是/r/n反应/r/n①/r/n：C(s)＋1/2O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n反应/r/n②/r/n：/r/nC(s)＋H/r/n2/r/nO(g)/r/n=CO(g)＋H/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n2/r/n反应/r/n③/r/n：CO(g)＋2H/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CH/r/n3/r/nOH(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n3/r/n＝－90.1kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n反应/r/n④/r/n：2CH/r/n3/r/nOH(g)/r/n=CH/r/n3/r/nOCH/r/n3/r/n(g)＋H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n4/r/n，能量变化如图所示/r/n反应/r/n⑤/r/n：3CH/r/n3/r/nOH(g)/r/n=/r/nCH/r/n3/r/nCH/r/n=CH/r/n2/r/n(g)＋3H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n5/r/n＝－31.0kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n下列说法正确的是()/r/nA．反应/r/n③/r/n使用催化剂，Δ/r/nH/r/n3/r/n减小/r/nB．反应/r/n④/r/n中正反应的活化能大于逆反应的活化能/r/nC．Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n－Δ/r/nH/r/n2/r/n<0/r/nD．3CO(g)＋6H/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n→/r/nCH/r/n3/r/nCH/r/n=CH/r/n2/r/n(g)＋3H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－121.1kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n专练28热化学方程式的书写及正误判断/r/n1/r/n．/r/nB氢气的燃烧热是指1mol氢气完全燃烧生成液态水放出的热量，故氢气的燃烧热Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－/r/neq\f(483.6＋88,2)/r/nkJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n＝－285.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，A错误；由图像分析，2H/r/n2/r/n(g)＋O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=2H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n＝－483.6kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n/r/n①/r/n，H/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=H/r/n2/r/n(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n2/r/n＝－0.92kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n/r/n②/r/n，O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=O/r/n2/r/n(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n3/r/n＝－6.84kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n/r/n③/r/n，根据/r/n盖斯定律将/r/n①/r/n－/r/n②×/r/n2－/r/n③/r/n，可得2H/r/n2/r/n(l)＋O/r/n2/r/n(l)/r/n=2H/r/n2/r/nO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－474.92kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，B正确；由图像分析，2molH/r/n2/r/n(g)与1molO/r/n2/r/n(g)反应生成2molH/r/n2/r/nO(g)放出483.6kJ的热量，故2molH/r/n2/r/n(g)与1molO/r/n2/r/n(g)所具有的总能量比2molH/r/n2/r/nO(g)所具有的总能量高，C错误；H/r/n2/r/nO(g)变成H/r/n2/r/nO(l)为物理变化，该过程不存在化学键的断裂和形成，D/r/n错误。/r/n2/r/n．/r/nC根据石墨转化为金刚石需要吸收能量可得石墨的能量低，能量越低越稳定，则石墨的稳定性高，A项正确；根据题图可知，Δ/r/nH/r/n5/r/n＝Δ/r/nH/r/n4/r/n＋Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n，Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n>0，故Δ/r/nH/r/n5/r/n>Δ/r/nH/r/n4/r/n，B项正确；由题图可知，/r/n①/r/nC(石墨，s)＋O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－393.5kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，/r/n②/r/nCO(g)＋/r/neq\f(1,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－283.0kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，由/r/n①/r/n－/r/n2/r/n×②/r/n可得C(石墨，s)＋CO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=2CO(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝＋172.5kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，C项错误；由图示可知，1mol石墨和1molCO分别完全燃烧放出的热量分别为393.5kJ和283.0kJ，D项正确。/r/n3．C根据图甲分析，反应物的总能量高于生成物的总能量，则图甲中反应为/r/n①/r/nCH/r/n4/r/n(g)＋2O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO/r/n2/r/n(g)＋2H/r/n2/r/nO(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n＝－890.3kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，A错误；根据图乙分析，生成物中水的状态是液态，则图乙中反应为/r/n②/r/nCH/r/n4/r/n(g)＋/r/neq\f(3,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO(g)＋2H/r/n2/r/nO(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n2/r/n＝－607.3kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，B错误；根据盖斯定律，由/r/n①/r/n－/r/n②/r/n可得CO(g)＋/r/neq\f(1,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n－Δ/r/nH/r/n2/r/n＝－283kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，C正确；CO(g)＋/r/neq\f(1,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=CO/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－283kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，正反应为放热反应，反应物[1molCO(g)和/r/neq\f(1,2)/r/nmolO/r/n2/r/n(g)]的总能量高于生成物[1molCO/r/n2/r/n(g)]的总能量，但无法判断等物质的量的CO/r/n2/r/n(g)和CO(g)具有的能量高低，D错误。/r/n4．CC/r/n2/r/nH/r/n5/r/nOH的燃烧热是生成二氧化碳和液态水放出的热量，故A错误；中和反应放热，NaOH(aq)＋HCl(aq)/r/n=NaCl(aq)＋H/r/n2/r/nO(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－57.3kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，故B错误；硫燃烧放热，热化学方程式是S(s)＋O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=SO/r/n2/r/n(g)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－296.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，故C正确；热化学方程式要标注物质的聚集状态，故D错误。/r/n5．D1molC(s)完全燃烧生成CO/r/n2/r/n(g)所放出的热量大于生成CO(g)所放出的热量，则其反应热小于－110.4kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，A错误；由图可知，CuO(s)的能量低于Cu/r/n2/r/nO(s)和O/r/n2/r/n(g)的能量之和，/r/n所以/r/nCuO分解生成Cu/r/n2/r/nO的反应为吸热反应，B错误；由图中数据可知，CuO(s)的能量比Cu/r/n2/r/nO(s)和O/r/n2/r/n(g)的总能量低，但无法比较CuO(s)和Cu/r/n2/r/nO(s)的能量高低，则CuO与Cu/r/n2/r/nO的热稳定性也无法比较，C错误；由题干信息可知，2C(s)＋O/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=2CO(g)的Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n＝－220.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，反应4CuO(s)/r/n=2Cu/r/n2/r/nO(s)＋O/r/n2/r/n(g)的Δ/r/nH/r/n2/r/n＝＋292kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，则反应C(s)＋2CuO(s)/r/n=Cu/r/n2/r/nO(s)＋CO(g)的Δ/r/nH/r/n3/r/n＝Δ/r/nH/r/n1/r/n/2＋Δ/r/nH/r/n2/r/n/2＝＋35.6kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，D正确。/r/n6．C乙烷的燃烧热为1560.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，指1molC/r/n2/r/nH/r/n6/r/n(g)完全燃烧生成CO/r/n2/r/n(g)和H/r/n2/r/nO(l)放出1560.8kJ的热量，乙烷燃烧热表示的热化学方程式为C/r/n2/r/nH/r/n6/r/n(g)＋/r/neq\f(7,2)/r/nO/r/n2/r/n(g)/r/n=2CO/r/n2/r/n(g)＋3H/r/n2/r/nO(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－1560.8kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，A项错误；正丁烷和异丁烷互为同分异构体，1mol正丁烷和异丁烷完全燃烧都生成4molCO/r/n2/r/n(g)和5molH/r/n2/r/nO(l)，正丁烷的燃烧热>异丁烷的燃烧热，则正丁烷具有的能量>异丁烷具有的能量，根据能量越低越稳定，稳定性：正丁烷<异丁烷，B项错误；正戊烷和2­甲基丁烷互为同分异构体，根据正丁烷的燃烧热>异丁烷的燃烧热知，互为同分异构体的化合物支链多的燃烧热小，正戊烷的燃烧热>2­甲/r/n基丁烷的燃烧热，正戊烷的燃烧热大于/r/n3531.3kJ·mol/r/n－1/r/n，C项正确；随着碳原子数的增多烷烃含碳质量分数逐渐增大，1gCH/r/n4/r/n、C/r/n2/r/nH/r/n6/r/n、C/r/n3/r/nH/r/n8/r/n完全燃烧放出的热量依次为55.64kJ/r/neq\b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(\f(890.3kJ,16)＝55.64kJ))/r/n、52.03kJ/r/neq\b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(\f(1560.8kJ,30)＝52.03kJ))/r/n、50.49kJ/r/neq\b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(\f(2221.5kJ,44)＝50.49kJ))/r/n，可见相同质量的烷烃，碳的质量分数越大，燃烧放出的热量越少，D项错误。/r/n7．D中和热是酸碱发生中和反应产生1mol液态水时放出的热量，表示中和热的热化学方程式为NaOH(aq)＋1/2H/r/n2/r/nSO/r/n4/r/n(aq)/r/n=1/2Na/r/n2/r/nSO/r/n4/r/n(aq)＋H/r/n2/r/nO(l)Δ/r/nH/r/n＝－57.4kJ·mol/r/n－1,/r/nA错误；该反应是可逆反应，不能进行到