宁波大学2021年基础英语考研真题

宁波大学2021年[基础英语]考研真题I.Vocabulary(30points)Thispartconsistsoftwosections.SectionADirections:Chooseoneofthefouralternativeswhichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordorphraseandmarkthecorrespondingletter.PleasewriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.(1×20points).1.The

intellect

is

always

held

in

abeyance

bythe

spirit

of

reasonableness,

and

stillmorebythe

writer's

artistic

sensibility.A

.suspensionB.

approval

C.continuationD.antidote2.Shesmiledthe

credulous

smileofignorantinnocenceandpulledthegateopen.A.sophisticatedB.naive

C.deceivingD.guilty3.We

can

trace

the

rudimentary

roots

of

all

our

values

and

limits

back

in

our

childhood

anecdotes.A.salientB.deep

C.fundamentalD.far-fetched4.Alexander

envisioned

a

cosmopolitan

culture

in

his

new

empire.A.localB.

endemic

C.provincialD.universal5.Perhaps

the

first

thing

any

cynic

will

note

about

these

pledges

is

that

they

are

devoid

of

any

self-sacrifice.A.realistB.faultfinderC.optimistD.pessimist6.When

the

winds

blew

through

the

holes,

the

rocks

emitted

an

eerie

keening

sound,

like

a

dirge

of

lost

souls.A.elegyB.songC.eulogyD.tribute7.I

am

blessed

with

a

buoyant

temperament

and

enjoy

the

pleasures

of

this

earth.A.lightheartedB.depressedC.disheartenedD.glad8.He

saw

the

hideous,

obscure

shape

rise

slowly

to

the

surface.

A.beautiful

B.unclearC.repulsiveD.ambiguous9.Jim

likes

to

gloat

over

all

the

sports

prizes

he

has

own,

which

he

keeps

in

a

glass

case.A.revelB.lamentC.survey

D.scan10.It

would

be

unwise

to

pretend

that

it

does

not

happen

and

dishonest

to

disavow

it

in

anycircumstances.

A.claimB.renounceC.confessD.plead11.His

rubicund

face

expressed

consternation

and

fatigue.

A.roughB.robustC.ruddyD.dark12.Going

higher-end

also

means

Microsoft

would

dodge

a

potential

threatto

Amazonand

Google.A.duckB.formC.proposeD.profile13.Laughter

is

the

tonic,

the

relief,

the

surcease

for

pain.

A.exhaustionB.regulatorC.monitorD.refresher14.When

my

play

was

with

thee

I

never

questioned

who

thou

wert.

I

knew

nor

shyness

nor

fear,

my

life

was

boisterousA.controllableB.disorderlyC.wildD.unruly15.He

had

plenty

of

feedback

and

plenty

of

time

to

mitigate

this

issue,

but

he

can

be

stubborn.

A.alleviateB.shortenC.increaseD.revise16.The

eggs

are

packed

in

cartons

lined

with

shockproof

corrugatedpaperboard.

A.smooth

B.horizontalC.silkyD.ribbed17.In

the

East

he

succeeded

in

establishing

Byzantine

hegemony

over

the

crusading

states.A.overthrowB.

conquestC.supremacyD.subjugation18.Art

is

the

stored

honey

of

the

human

soul,

gathered

on

wings

of

misery

and

travail.A.labourB.journeyC.pilgrimageD.wretchedness19.He

who

will

not

reason,

is

a

bigot;

he

who

cannot

is

a

fool;

and

he

who

dares

not

is

a

slave.A.cynicB.pessimistC.dogmatistD.fascist20.Out

of

the

corner

of

my

eye

I

saw

a

blur

of

movement

on

the

other

sideof

the

glass

A.clarityB.hazinessC.shapeD.transparencySectionBTherearetenwordsorphrasesunderlinedinthefollowingsentences.YouarerequiredtouseotherEnglishwordsorphrasestoexplainthemwiththemeaningsthatbestsuitthosesentences(1×10points).Forexample:JohnnyCarsonhasmuchtodotokeepupwithgreateloquenceAnswer:quickandwittytongue.While

his

intentions

are

to

save

lived

and

prevent

injuries,

this

manger

is

perceived

as

vindictive,

uncaring

and

self-serving.

It

is

not

to

shame

you

that

I

write

these

things

but

to

admonish

you

as

my

beloved

children.All

the

people

in

the

party

were

disgusted

with

his

bawdy

jokes.His

aesthetic

and

ideology

have

seeped

into

the

very

fabric

of

American

theater.

This

magnifies

US

cultural

advantages

because

the

market

into

whichartists

from

other

countries

must

sell

is

often

abysmal.

Violent

storms

wreaked

havoc

on

the

French

Riviera,

leaving

threepeople

dead

and

dozens

injured.7.I

seemed

to

discern

some

signs

of

emotion

upon

the

butler's

whiteface.8.Critics

of

the

scheme

take

a

less

benign

view.9.The

crux

of

the

matter

is

not

shortage

of

time,

but

shortage

of

work.10.He

speaks

many

languages

including

Arabic,

so

he

was

assigned

to

dangerous

covert

operations.II.Cloze(20points)Directions:Therearetwentyblanksinthefollowingpassage.Youarerequiredtofillthewordsorphrasesinthemthatbestcompletethepassagetomakeasmoothandlogicalreadingsemantically,syntacticallyandtextually.Thewordsthatyouusetofillintheblankscanbeanythatyouthinkaresuitableandabletomakethepassagesmoothinmeaningandgrammar.PleasewriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.（1x20points）Shakespeare’ssonnetsareverydifferentfromShakespeare’splays,buttheydocontain_____1_____elementsandanoverallsenseofstory.Eachofthepoems__2____withahighlypersonaltheme,andeachcanbe__3___onitsownorinrelationtothepoemsaroundit.Thesonnetshavethefeelof___4___poems,butwedon’tknowwhethertheydealwithrealeventsornot,becausenooneknows___5___aboutShakespeare’slifetosaywhetherornottheydealwithrealeventsandfeelings,sowetendtorefertothevoiceofthesonnetsas“thespeaker”—as___6___hewereadramaticcreationlikeHamletorKingLear.Therearecertainlyanumberofintriguing____7__throughoutthepoems.Thefirst126ofthesonnetsseemtobe___8___toanunnamedyoungnobleman,whomthespeakerlovesverymuch;therestofthepoems(exceptforthelasttwo,whichseemgenerallyunconnectedtothe__9___ofthesequence)seemtobeaddressedtoamysterious__10___,whomthespeakerloves,hates,andlustsforsimultaneously.Thetwoaddresseesofthesonnetsareusually__11___toasthe“youngman”andthe“darklady”;insummariesofindividualpoems,Ihavealsocalledtheyoungmanthe“beloved”andthedarkladythe“lover,”especiallyincaseswheretheir____12__canonlybesurmised.Withinthetwomini-sequences,therearea____13___ofotherdiscernibleelementsof“plot”:thespeaker_14__theyoungmantohavechildren;heisforcedto__15__aseparationfromhim;hecompeteswitha__16___poetfortheyoungman’spatronageandaffection.Attwopointsinthesequence,itseemsthattheyoungmanandthe___17__ladyareactuallyloversthemselves—astateofaffairswithwhichthespeakerisnonetoo___18___.Butwhilethesecontinuitiesgivethepoemsanarrativeflowandahelpfulframeofreference,theyhavebeenfrustratingly_19____forscholarsandbiographerstopin__20___.InShakespeare’slife,whoweretheyoungmanandthedarklady?Prosebyitsverynatureislongerthanverse,andthevirtues1peculiarwithitmanifestthemselvesgradually.Ifthecardinal2virtueofpoetryislove,thecardinalvirtueofproseisjust;3and,whereaslovemakesyouactandspeakinthespurofthe4moment,justiceneedsinquiry,patientandacontroleven5ofthenoblestpassions.Tojustice,hereIdonotmeanjustice6ofideas,butahabitofjusticeinallprocessesofthought,thestyle7onlytoparticularpeopletranquillizedandaformmouldedto8thathabit.Themasterofproseisnotcold,andhewillnotlet9anywordorimageinflamehimwithaheatirrelevantwithhis10rejectallbeautiesthatarenotgermanetoit;makinghisown11beautyoutofthepurpose.Unhasting,unresting,hepursuesthem,12subduingalltherichesofhismindonit,veryaccomplishmentofit.13outofthewholeworkanditsproportions,soasyoumustread14totheendbeforeyouknowthatitisbeauty.Buthehashisreward,15forhisistrustedandconvinces,asthosethatareatthemercyoftheir16owneloquencedonot;andhegivesapleasureallthegreaterforbe17hardlynoticed.Inthebestprose,whethernarrativeandargument,18wearesoledonasweread,thatwedonotstoptoapplaudingthe19writer,ordowestoptoquestionhim.20IV.ReadingComprehension(30points)Directions:Therearethreesectionsinthisitemwithapassageineachsection.SectionArequiresyoutoreadapassageandprovideabriefanswertoeachofthegivenquestions.SectionBrequiresyoutoreadandjudgewhethertherelevantstatementsaretrueorfalse.SectionCrequiresyoutoreadandthenwriteasummaryofit.RemembertowriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.SectionA.(10points)Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceof

deduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generally

complex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis

[A].Philosophyofmathematics.

[B].TheRecentGrowthinScience.

[C].TheVerificationofFacts.

[D].MethodsofScientificInquiry.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis

[A].thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods.

[B].thatitwasanactofGod.

[C].thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod.

[D].duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod.

3.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”

[A].isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation.

[B].restsonthesimplicityoftheformer.

[C].isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks.

[D].helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis

[A].aninductivescience.

[B].inneedofsimpleverification.

[C].adeductivescience.

[D].basedonfactandtheory.

5.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled.

[A].ametaphor.

[B].aparadox.

[C].anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods.

[D].apun.SectionB.(10points)Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetry,art,ormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.Howcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechild?Thereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystems.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchild,becauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechildforbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalookingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybe,however,thatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematics,theywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalability,itmaybethatwhatisinheritedisanespeciallysensitiveear,apeculiarstructureofthehandsorthevocalorgansconnectionsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecute,andparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusic,thechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactors,inothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatisinherited,thennoreventheloveofit,butacertainbodilystructurethatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1.Itisutterlyimpossibleforustolearnanythingaboutprenataldevelopment.2.Therearenoconnectionbetweenmother’snervoussystemsandherunbornchild’s.3.Accordingtothepassage,achildmayinheritarathergeneralabilitythatwecallintelligence.4.Ifachildinheritssomethingfromhismother,suchasanespeciallysensitiveear,apeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthevocalorgans,hewillmostlybecomeapoet.5.Thebesttitleforthepassagecouldbe“RoleofInheritance”.SectionC(10points)Readthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitwithin100words.Shesatatthewindowwatchingtheeveninginvadetheavenue.Herheadwasleanedagainstthewindowcurtains,andinhernostrilswastheodourofdustycretonne.Shewastired.

Fewpeoplepassed.Themanoutofthelasthousepassedonhiswayhome;sheheardhisfootstepsclackingalongtheconcretepavementandafterwardscrunchingonthecinderpathbeforethenewredhouses.Onetimethereusedtobeafieldthereinwhichtheyusedtoplayeveryeveningwithotherpeople'schildren.ThenamanfromBelfastboughtthefieldandbuilthousesinit-notliketheirlittlebrownhouses,butbrightbrickhouseswithshiningroofs.Thechildrenoftheavenueusedtoplaytogetherinthatfield-theDevines,theWaters,theDunns,littleKeoghthecripple,sheandherbrothersandsisters.Ernest,however,neverplayed:hewastoogrownup.Herfatherusedoftentohunttheminoutofthefieldwithhisblackthornstick;butusuallylittleKeoghusedtokeepnixandcalloutwhenhesawherfathercoming.Stilltheyseemedtohavebeenratherhappythen.Herfatherwasnotsobadthen;andbesides,hermotherwasalive.Thatwasalongtimeago;sheandherbrothersandsisterswereallgrownup;hermotherwasdead.TizzieDunnwasdead,too,andtheWatershadgonebacktoEngland.Everythingchanges.Nowshewasgoingtogoawayliketheothers,toleaveherhome.

Home!Shelookedroundtheroom,reviewingallitsfamiliarobjectswhichshehaddustedonceaweekforsomanyyears,wonderingwhereonearthallthedustcamefrom.Perhapsshewouldneverseeagainthosefamiliarobjectsfromwhichshehadneverdreamedofbeingdivided.AndyetduringallthoseyearsshehadneverfoundoutthenameofthepriestwhoseyellowingphotographhungonthewallabovethebrokenharmoniumbesidethecolouredprintofthepromisesmadetoBlessedMargaretMaryAlacoque.Hehadbeenaschoolfriendofherfather.Wheneverheshowedthephotographtoavisitorherfatherusedtopassitwithacasualword:

`HeisinMelbournenow.'

Shehadconsentedtogoaway,toleaveherhome.Wasthatwise?Shetriedtoweigheachsideofthequestion.Inherhomeanywayshehadshelterandfood;shehadthosewhomshehadknownallherlifeabouther.Ofcourseshehadtoworkhard,bothinthehouseandatbusiness.WhatwouldtheysayofherintheStoreswhentheyfoundoutthatshehadrunawaywithafellow?Sayshewasafool,perhaps;andherplacewouldbefilledupbyadvertisement.MissGavanwouldbeglad.Shehadalwayshadanedgeonher,especiallywhenevertherewerepeoplelistening.

`MissHill,don'tyouseetheseladiesarewaiting?'

`Looklively,MissHill,please.'

ShewouldnotcrymanytearsatleavingtheStores.

Butinhernewhome,inadistantunknowncountry,itwouldnotbelikethat.Thenshewouldbemarried-she,Eveline.Peoplewouldtreatherwithrespectthen.Shewouldnotbetreatedashermotherhadbeen.Evennow,thoughshewasovernineteen,shesometimesfeltherselfindangerofherfather'sviolence.SheknewitwasthatthathadgivenherthePalpitations.Whentheyweregrowinguphehadnevergoneforher,likeheusedtogoforHarryandErnest,becauseshewasagirl;butlatterlyhehadbeguntothreatenherandsaywhathewoulddotoheronlyforherdeadmother'ssake.Andnowshehadnobodytoprotecther,ErnestwasdeadandHarry,whowasinthechurchdecoratingbusiness,wasnearlyalwaysdownsomewhereinthecountry.Besides,theinvariablesquabbleformoneyonSaturdaynightshadbeguntowearyherunspeakably.Shealwaysgaveherentirewages-sevenshillings-andHarryalwayssentupwhathecould,butthetroublewastogetanymoneyfromherfather.Hesaidsheusedtosquanderthemoney,thatshehadnohead,thathewasn'tgoingtogiveherhishard-earnedmoneytothrowaboutthestreets,andmuchmore,forhewasusuallyfairlybadonSaturdaynight.IntheendhewouldgiveherthemoneyandaskherhadsheanyintentionofbuyingSunday'sdinner.Thenshehadtorushoutasquicklyasshecouldanddohermarketing,holdingherblackleatherpursetightlyinherhandassheelbowedherwaythroughthecrowdsandreturninghomelateunderherloadofprovisions.Shehadhardworktokeepthehousetogetherandtoseethatthetwoyoungchildren

whohadbeenlefttoherchargewenttoschoolregularlyandgottheirmealsregularly.Itwashardwork-ahardlife-butnowthatshewasabouttoleaveitshedidnotfinditawhollyundesirablelife.

ShewasabouttoexploreanotherlifewithFrank.Frankwasverykind,manly,open-hearted.Shewastogoawaywithhimbythenight-boattobehiswifeandtolivewithhiminBuenosAires,wherehehadahomewaitingforher.Howwellsherememberedthefirsttimeshehadseenhim;hewaslodginginahouseonthemainroadwheresheusedtovisit.Itseemedafewweeksago.Hewasstandingatthegate,hispeakedcappushedbackonhisheadandhishairtumbledforwardoverafaceofbronze.Thentheyhadcometoknoweachother.HeusedtomeetheroutsidetheStoreseveryeveningandseeherhome.HetookhertoseeTheBohemianGirlandshefeltelatedasshesatinanunaccustomedpartofthetheatrewithhimHewasawfullyfondofmusicandsangalittle.Peopleknewthattheywerecourting,and,whenhesangaboutthelassthatlovesasailor,shealwaysfeltpleasantlyconfused.HeusedtocallherPoppensoutoffun.Firstofallithadbeenanexcitementforhertohaveafellowandthenshehadbeguntolikehim.Hehadtalesofdistantcountries.HehadstartedasadeckboyatapoundamonthonashipoftheAllanLinegoingouttoCanada.Hetoldherthenamesoftheshipshehadbeenonandthenamesofthedifferentservices.HehadsailedthroughtheStraitsofMagellanandhetoldherstoriesoftheterriblePatagonians.HehadfallenonhisfeetinBuenosAires,hesaid,andhadcomeovertotheoldcountryjustforaholiday.Ofcourse,herfatherhadfoundouttheaffairandhadforbiddenhertohaveanythingtosaytohim.

`Iknowthesesailorchaps,'hesaid.

OnedayhehadquarrelledwithFrank,andafterthatshehadtomeetherloversecretly.

Theeveningdeepenedintheavenue.Thewhiteoftwolettersinherlapgrewindistinct.OnewastoHarry;theotherwastoherfather.Ernes!hadbeenherfavourite,butshelikedHarrytoo.Herfatherwasbecomingoldlately,shenoticed;hewouldmissher.Sometimeshecouldbeverynice.Notlongbefore,whenshehadbeenlaidupforaday,hehadreadheroutaghoststoryandmadetoastforheratthefire.Anotherday,whentheirmotherwasalive,theyhadallgoneforapicnictotheHillofHowth.Sherememberedherfatherputtingonhermother'sbonnettomakethechildrenlaugh.

Hertimewasrunningout,butshecontinuedtositbythewindow,leaningherheadagainstthewindowcurtain,inhalingtheodourofdustycretonne.Downfarintheavenueshecouldhearastreetorganplaying.Sheknewtheair.Strangethatitshouldcomethatverynighttoremindherofthepromisetohermother,herpromisetokeepthehometogetheraslongasshecould.Sherememberedthelastnightofhermother'sillness;shewasagainintheclose,darkroomattheothersideofthehallandoutsidesheheardamelancholyairofItaly.Theorgan-playerhadbeenorderedtogoawayandgivensixpence.Sher