考研英语阅读-试卷45-真题-无答案

考研英语（阅读）-试卷45(总分60,考试时间90分钟)2.ReadingComprehensionSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguous**plicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher"sme,here,nowbecomes**munity"sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,**munitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Within**plexsocialstructureofthe**munity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythrough**munity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweenshared**petingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual"sdiscoveryclaiminto**munity"scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas"seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility"happens"toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedas**monsofthemind."Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,**pleteeachother"sreasoningandeachother"sconceptionsofreason."1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyitsA.uncertainty**plexity.B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness.C.logicalityandobjectivity.D.**essandregularity.2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequiresA.strictinspection.B.sharedefforts.C.individualwisdom.D.persistentinnovation.3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafteritA.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.B.hasbeenexaminedbythe**munity.C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.4.AlbertSzent-GyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethatA.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopmentB.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscoveryC.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScienceD.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScienceEverybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas"alltoohuman,"withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof"goodsandservices"thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan"sandDr.deWaal"sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchcooperationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesser**pletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfrom**monancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.6.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicbyA.posingacontrast.B.justifyinganassumption.C.makingacomparison.D.explainingaphenomenon.7.Thestatement"itisalltoomonkey"(Para.1)impliesthatA.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.B.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys"nature.C.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.D.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.8.FemalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyareA.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.B.attentivetoresearchers"instructions.C.niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.D.moregenerousthantheir**panions.9.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeysA.prefergrapestocucumbers.B.canbetaughttoexchangethings.C.willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.D.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.10.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.B.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.C.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.D.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hardwiredresponses.Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhileto**plexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren"texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghas-littletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe"redoing.Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases—orhireoutsidescreeners.JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly"thinslice"informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin"thicksliced"long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanrea-llywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamuchlongerevaluation:twodays,nottwoseconds.Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogscanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn"tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.11.ThetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmayA.varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituation.B.prove**plexityofourbrainreaction.C.dependontheimportanceoftheassessment.D.predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment.12.Ourreactiontoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnapdecisionsA.canbeassociative.B.arenotunconscious.C.canbedangerous.D.arenotimpulsive.13.Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshouldA.trustourfirstimpression.B.doaspeopleusuallydo.C.thinkbeforeweact.D.askforexpertadvice.14.JohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionsarebasedonA.criticalassessment.B.thinslicedstudy.C.sensibleexplanation.D.adequateinformation.15.Theauthor"sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendisA.tolerant. B.uncertain.C.optimistic. D.doubtful.Americansdon"tliketolosewars.Ofcourse,alotdependsonhowyoudefinejustwhatawaris.Thereareshootingwars—thekindthattestpatriotismandcourage—andthosearethekindatwhichtheU.S.excels.Butotherstrugglestestthosequalitiestoo.WhatelsewastheGreatDepressionorthespaceraceortheconstructionoftherailroads?IfAmericanindulgeinabitofflag—whenthejobisdone,theyearnedit.Nowthereisasimilarchallenge—globalwarming.Thesteadydeteriorationoftheveryclimateofthisveryplanetisbecomingawarofthefirstorder,andbyanymeasure,theU.S.islosing.Indeed,ifAmericaisfigtingatall,it"sfightingonthewrongside.TheU.S.producesnearlyaquarteroftheworld"sgreenhousegaseseachyearandhasstubbornlymadeitclearthatitdoesn"tintendtodoawholelotaboutit.Although174nationsapprovedtheadmittedlyflawedKyotoaccordstoreducecarbonlevels,theU.S.walkedawayfromthem.Therearevaguepromisesofmanufacturingfuelfromherbsorpoweringcarswithhydrogen.Butforacountrythattightlycitespatriotismasoneofitscorevalues,theU.S.istakingapassonwhatmightbethemostpatrioticstruggleofall.It"shardtoimagineabiggerfightthanoneforthesurvivalofacountry"scoastsandfarms,thehealthofitspeopleandstabilityofitseconomy.Therubis,ifthevastmajorityofpeopleincreasinglyagreethatclimatechangeisaglobalemergency,there"sfarlessagreementonhowtofixit.Industryoffersitsplans,whichtoooftenwouldfixlittle.Environmentalistsoffertheirs,whichtoooftenamounttonativewishliststhatcouldweakenAmerica"sgrowth.Butlet"sassumethatthoseinterestedpartiesandotherswillalwaysbentthetableandwillalwaysdemandthattheirvoicesbeheardandthattheirneedsbeaddressed.Whatwouldanaggressive,ambitious,effectiveplanlooklike—onethatwouldleavetheU.S.bothenvironmentallysafeandeconomicallysound?Haltingclimatechangewillbefarharder.Oneofthemoreconservativeplansforaddressingtheproblemcallsforareductionof25billiontonsofcarbonemis